HomeMy WebLinkAbout4174-1GENERAL NOTES:
1. ALL' WORK SHALL BE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THESE PLANS, THE CITYi OF FONTANA STANDARD PLANS, THE
CONTRACT PROVISIONS AND THE STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR PUBLIC WORKS CONSTRUCTION ("GREEN
BOOK"). ALL REFERENCE SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS SHALL BE THE LATEST EDITION UNLESS OTHERWISE
NOTED.
2. WHEN A TECHNICAL CONFLICT IS FOUND TO EXIST IN THE CONTRACT DOCUMENTS THAT CAN NOT BE
RESOLVED BY REFERENCE TO PRECEDENCE PROVISIONS IN THE "GREEN BOOK"' THE CONTRACTOR SHALL
IMMEDIATELY REPORT SAID CONFLICT TO THE CITY ENGINEER FOR RESOLUTION.
3. ALL MATERIALS AND METHODS ARE SUBJECT TO THE APPROVAL OF THE CITY ENGINEER.
4. CONSTRUCTION PERMITS SHALL BE OBTAINED FROM THE CITY OF FONTANA COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
DEPARTMENT, ENGINEERING DIVISION PRIOR TO THE START OF ANY WORK. INSPECTION COORDINATION SHALL
BE REQUESTED AT LEAST TWO WORKING DAYS PRIOR TO THE START OF ANY WORK IN PUBLIC RIGHT-OF-WAY
WITHIN THE CITY LIMITS. CALL (909) 350-7610.
5. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL CONFORM TO ALL TRAFFIC CONTROL POLICIES, METHODS AND PROCEDURES
DESCRIBED IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA MANUAL OF TRAFFIC CONTROLS, LATEST NON -METRIC EDITION
UNLESS OTHERWISE DIRECTED BY THE CITY TRAFFIC ENGINEER.
6. IT SHALL BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRACTOR TO MAINTAIN BARRICADES, DELINEATORS OR OTHER
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AT ALL TIMES.
7. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL OBTAIN A PERMIT TO PERFORM EXCAVATION OR TRENCH WORK FOR TRENCHES 5
FEET OR GREATER IN DEPTH FROM THE CALIFORNIA STATE DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY.
8. THE WALLS AND FACES OF ALL EXCAVATIONS GREATER THAN FIVE (5) FEET IN DEPTH SHALL BE GUARDED BY
SHORING, SLOPING OF THE GROUND OR OTHER APPROVED MEANS PURSUANT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE
DIVISION OF INDUSTRIAL SAFETY OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA, TRENCHES LESS THAN FIVE (5) FEET SHALL
ALSO BE GUARDED WHEN THE POTENTIAL EXIST FOR GROUND MOVEMENT.
9. NO MATERIAL OR EQUIPMENT SHALL BE STORED IN THE PUBLIC RIGHT OF WAY WITHOUT OBTAINING A
SEPARATE PERMIT FOR THAT PURPOSE.
10. THE LOCATIONS OF UTILITIES SHOWN HAVE BEEN DETERMINED FROM AVAILABLE INFORMATION, HOWEVER, IT
SHALL BE THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE CONTRACTOR TO DETERMINE, IN THE FIELD, THE TRUE LOCATION AND
ELEVATION OF ANY EXISTING UTILITIES, AND TO EXERCISE PROPER PRECAUTION TO AVOID DAMAGE THERETO.
THE CONTRACTOR SHALL CONTACT UNDERGROUND SERVICE ALERT AT 1-800-227-2600 TWO WORKING DAYS
BEFORE EXCAVATION.
11. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL COORDINATE CONSTRUCTION WITH ALL UTILITY COMPANIES INCLUDING, BUT NOT
LIMITED TO, GAS, TELEPHONE, ELECTRIC, CABLE TELEVISION, LANDSCAPING, LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION, DOMESTIC
WATER, RECLAIMED WATER, SEWER, STORM DRAIN, FLOOD CONTROL AND CALTRANS. ALL UTILITY COMPANIES
SHALL BE GIVEN TWO WORKING DAYS NOTICE PRIOR TO WORK AROUND THEIR FACILITIES.
12. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL NOT OPERATE ANY FIRE HYDRANT OR WATER MAIN VALVES WITHOUT APPROPRIATE
AGENCY AUTHORIZATION. CONTRACTOR SHALL COORDINATE WITH THE APPROPRIATE WATER COMPANY FOR
VALVE OPERATION AND WATER REQUIREMENTS.
13. CURVE DATA REFERS TO THE FACE OF CURB.
14. STATIONING REFERS TO THE CENTERLINE OF STREETS EXEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED.
15. ADEQUATE CONSTRUCTION CONTROL STAKES SHALL BE SET BY THE ENGINEER TO ENABLE THE CONTRACTOR
TO CONSTRUCT THE WORK TO THE PLAN GRADES. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE
PRESERVATION OF BENCHMARKS AND CONSTRUCTION CONTROL STAKING DURING CONSTRUCTION.
16. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL NOT DISTURB EXISTING SURVEY MONUMENTS, MONUMENT TIES OR BENCH MARKS
WITHOUT PRIOR NOTIFICATION TO THE CITY ENGINEER.
17. REMOVAL AND REPLACEMENT OF EXISTING SURVEY CONTROL, INCLUDING SURVEY MONUMENTS, MONUMENT TIES
AND BENCH MARKS, SHALL BE DONE BY A REGISTERED CIVIL ENGINEER OR LICENSED LAND SURVEYOR.
SURVEY MONUMENTS THAT WILL BE DESTROYED AS A RESULT OF THIS CONSTRUCTION SHALL BE REPLACED.
THE CONTRACTOR SHALL NOTIFY THE ENGINEER ONE WEEK PRIOR TO CONSTRUCTION SO THAT TIES TO
MONUMENTS CAN BE ESTABLISHED FOR LATER REPLACEMENT OF THE MONUMENT.
18. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL MAINTAIN ACCESS FOR LOCAL RESIDENTS AND BUSINESSES AT ALL TIMES. A
MINIMUM 12 FOOT LANE SHALL BE MAINTAINED AT ALL TIMES IN THE CONSTRUCTION AREA FOR RESIDENTS
AND EMERGENCY VEHICLES.
19. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL PROVIDE AND MAINTAIN AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF DUST CONTROL, INCLUDING
ADEQUATE WATERING, AT ALL TIMES.
20. ALL GRADING OPERATIONS SHALL BE DISCONTINUED WHEN SUSTAINED WIND VELOCITIES EXCEED 25 MILES PER
HOUR.
21. THE CONTRACTOR SHALL NOT CAUSE ANY EXCAVATED MATERIAL, MUD , SILT OR DEBRIS TO BE DEPOSITED
ONTO PUBLIC OR PRIVATE PROPERTY ADJACENT TO THE RIGHT OF WAY DURING CONSTRUCTION WITHOUT PRIOR
WRITTEN APPROVAL.
22. NO TRENCH BACK FILL SHALL TAKE PLACE WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF THE CITY INSPECTOR.
23. A GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER SHALL CERTIFY ALL BACK FILL COMPACTION. FAILURE TO OBTAIN THE REQUIRED
DENSITY SHALL REQUIRE RE -WORKING OF THAT PORTION OF THE WORK UNTIL THE SPECIFIED DENSITY IS
OBTAINED.
24. CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO PREVENT GRADES, DITCHES, AND SWALES FROM UNDERMINING STREET
IMPROVEMENTS. UPON INSPECTION OF THE SITE, THE CITY ENGINEER MAY REQUIRE TEMPORARY
NON-ERODEABLE SWALES ENTERING OR LEAVING IMPROVEMENTS.
25. THE FINAL LOCATION AND WIDTH OF DRIVEWAY APPROACH APRONS SHALL BE APPROVED AT THE TIME OF
CONSTRUCTION AND SHALL CONFORM TO THE CITY OF FONTANA STANDARD DETAILS.
26. ALL EXPOSED CONCRETE SURFACES SHALL CONFORM IN GRADE, COLOR AND FINISH TO MATCH EXISTING
CONCRETE.
27. THE SEWER CONTRACTOR SHALL STAMP AN "S" IN THE FACE OF THE CURB AT THE LOCATION OF THE SEWER
LATERAL.
28. NO CONCRETE SHALL BE PLACED UNTIL THE FORMS AND REINFORCING STEEL HAVE BEEN PLACED, INSPECTED
AND APPROVED.
29. ALL UNDERGROUND UTILITIES SHALL BE INSTALLED, TESTED AND APPROVED PRIOR TO PAVING OF STREETS.
30. APPROVED SOIL STERILANT IS REQUIRED UNDER ALL NEW ASPHALT PAVEMENT PRIOR TO PLACEMENT.
31. PAVEMENT STRUCTURAL SECTIONS SHOWN ARE MINIMUM AND SUBJECT TO REVISION AND APPROVAL OF THE
CITY ENGINEER AS DETERMINED BY SOILS TESTS TAKEN AFTER COMPLETION OF ROUGH GRADING.
32. ACTUAL' THICKNESS OF A.C. PAVEMENT AND/OR BASE COURSE MATERIAL FOR STRUCTURAL STREET SECTIONS
SHALL BE RECOMMENDED BY A GEOTECHNICAL REPORT AND SUBMITTED TO THE CITY OF FONTANA FOR
APPROVAL UPON COMPLETION OF ROUGH GRADING.
33. ALL MANHOLES, CLEANOUT FRAMES, COVERS AND VALVE BOXES SHALL BE RAISED TO FINISHED GRADE BY
THE PAVING CONTRACTOR UPON COMPLETION OF PAVING.
34. UPON COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTION, CONTRACTOR SHALL RESTORE ALL SIGNING, STRIPING, BARRICADES,
AND OTHER TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES TO THE SATISFACTION OF THE CITY TRAFFIC ENGINEER.
35. CONTRACTOR SHALL RELOCATE AND/OR REPLACE LANDSCAPING, SPRINKLERS AND SIDEWALKS AFFECTED BY
THE CONSTRUCTION TO THE SATISFACTION -OF THE CITY ENGINEER.
36. AS -BUILT DRAWINGS SHALL BE PROVIDED BY THE CONTRACTOR TO THE ENGINEER OF RECORD, WHO SHALL
PROVIDE RECORD DRAWINGS TO THE CITY ENGINEER.
tzl__
DIAL .-TWO , WORKING' .
BEFORE DAYS BEFORE
YOU DIG YOU DIG
TOLL FREE 1-800-227-2600
A PUBLIC SERVICE BY UNDERGROUND SERVICE ALERT
BENCHMARK
BM # 356
STREET IMPROVEMENT PLANS
UTILITY PURVEYORS:
SEWER:
CITY OF FONTANA
8353 SIERRA AVENUE
FONTANA, CA 92335
909-350-6632
ATTN: BRAIN WREN
WATER:
FONTANA WATER COMPANY
8440 NUEVO AVENUE
FONTANA, CA 92335
909-822-2201
POWER:
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDI SON COMPANY
7951 REDWOOD AVENUE
FONTANA, CA 92336
800-655-4555
GAS:
THE GAS COMPANY
16231 VALLEY BLVD.
FONTANA, CA 92335
909-428-8411
TELEPHONE:
VERIZON CALIFORNIA, INC.
13911 PARK AVENUE
VICTORVILLE, CA 92392-2407
760-245-0846
CABLE.
TIME WARNER
9820 SIERRA AVE, #G
FONTANA, CA 92335
888-892-2253
BASIS OF BEARING:
THE BEARING ON THE CENTERLINE OF BASELINE
AVENUE, BEING N 90000)00" E, WAS USED AS
THE BASIS OF BEARING FOR THIS MAP.
SHEET INDEX:
1 TITLE SHEET
2 MONTGOMERY COURT
CO. N &FIN POLE # 801781E NE
COR. OLEANDER &BASELINE
EL= 1405.86
OWNER /DEVELOPER:
OASIS_ -HOMES. INC
RANCHO CUCAMONGA C 1730
OFFICE 909-481-9400
FAX 909-481-9450
FOR
TRACT NO. 16494
IN THE
CITY OF FONTANA
INDEX MAP
SCALE. 1 "=100'
NORTH
R/W
' 30'
12' 18'
0.5' 5'
I
��. 2%
SOUTH
R/W
_ 30 _ !
18'
0.03'
29'
TYPICAL SECTION
MONTGOMERY COURT
T.1. = 5.5
N. T. S.
WEST
RIW
_ VARIES 30 TO 32 _
34'
12'
5' , 0.5'
I
_99
i
EAST
R/W
I
22' 20' 14'
I S' 4'
5' 4
_ - I (27) _ (27)
LOCATION VA RT E S
EX A.C. PAVEMENT SEE PLAN
EXISTING CURB & EXISTING CURB &
GUTTER AND SIDEWALK GUTTER AND SIDEWALK A
BASELINE AVE. I L -
W
AI
71 FOOTHILL BLVD. F
kyl • I ► I k CSS
CONSTRUCTION NOTES
ESTIMATED QUANTITIES
(�)__
REMOVE EXIST P.C.C. CURB & GUTTER FOR NEW CROSS GUTTER
SITE
LF
0--
MILLER
WE.
SF
3�-
REMOVE EXT'G POWER POLE AND INSTALL UNDERGROUND UTILITY LINES
2
EA
o
N
�
0-
0.0.
CL
Z
LF
O
U
94
LF
W
AI
71 FOOTHILL BLVD. F
kyl • I ► I k CSS
CONSTRUCTION NOTES
ESTIMATED QUANTITIES
(�)__
REMOVE EXIST P.C.C. CURB & GUTTER FOR NEW CROSS GUTTER
96
LF
0--
REMOVE EXIST P.C.C. SIDEWALK AT MONTGOMERY CT. ENTRANCE
384
SF
3�-
REMOVE EXT'G POWER POLE AND INSTALL UNDERGROUND UTILITY LINES
2
EA
AT DEVELOPER'S EXPENSE (BY OTHERS)
0-
CONSTRUCT 6" CURB & 18" GUTTER PER CITY STD. PLAN NO. 1003
1,025
LF
0-
CONSTRUCT 8" TO 6" CURB FACE TRANSITION AT CURB RETURNS
94
LF
(D -CONSTRUCT
HANDICAP RAMP PER CITY STD. PLAN NO. 1006 _
2
EA
( -
CONSTRUCT 8' WIDE P.C.C. CROSS GUTTER AND SPANDREL PER CITY STD. PLAN NO. 104
913
SF
8a--
CONSTRUCT 5' WIDE x 4" THICK P.C.C. SIDEWALK PER CITY STD. PLAN NO. 1015
6,157
SF
0-
CONSTRUCT 16' WIDE x 6" THICK P.C.C. RESIDENTIAL DRIVEWAY PER CITY STD. PLAN NO. 1005
2,280
SF
10
CONSTRUCT 4" MINIMUM THICK ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENT OVER 12" MINIMUM
474
TON
OF 95' COMPACTED NATIVE SUB GRADE (MINIMUM -SEE GENERAL NOTE 31 & 32)
11
INSTALL R-1 STOP SIGN PER CALTRANS TRAFFIC MANUAL
1
EA
12
INSTALL STOP BAR AND LEGEND PER CALTRANS TRAFFIC MANUAL
1
EA
13
INSTALL "NOT A THROUGH STREET" SIGN (W-53) PER CALTRANS TRAFFIC MANUAL
1
EA
14
SAWCUT AND REMOVE EXIST. A.C. PAVEMENT AND CURB & GUTTER AND CONSTRUCT
1
LS
4" THICK A.C. PAVEMENT & 6" C.A.B. MATCH UP SECTION
15
INSTALL STREET LIGHT PER STREET LIGHT PLAN
4
EA
16
ADJUST SEWER MANHOLE TO GRADE PER CITY STD. PLAN NO. 109
2
EA
TYPICAL SECTION
CYPRESS AVENUE
N. T. S. K
R EVI SS 0 N ,& PREPARED
B'Y 53TETECf-1, I NC. 036866
:f0:8:D3 FOOTHILL BLVD.) SUITE 212 f
EXP...'
12 - 1 q_ d g �s�q SIV
ERNHARD 1<. MAYER DATE �OFCAI.��
R.C.E. 36866
F -XP, 6-30-1a
SHOULD CONSTRUCTION OF THE REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS
NOT COMMENCE WITHIN TWO YEARS OF THE DATE OF
APPROVAL SHOWN HEREON AND CARRIED FORTH IN A DILIGENT
MANNER, THE CITY ENGINEER MAY REQUIRE REVISIONS TO THE
PLANS TO BRING THEM INTO CONFORMANCE WITH CONDITIONS
AND STANDARDS IN EFFECT.
NOTE.
QUANTITIES ESTIMATES AREA PROVIDED FOR THE INFORMATION AND CONVENIENCE OF
THE DEVELOPER ONLY. THE CONTRACTOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCURATELY
ESTIMATING QUANTITIES OF ALL CONSTRUCTION ITEMS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR
THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT.
CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY:
IN SUBMITTING A BID FOR THIS WORK, THE CONTRACTOR AGREES THAT HE SHALL
ASSUME SOLE AND COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY FOR JOB SITE CONDITIONS DURING
THE COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THIS PROJECT,. INCLUDING SAFETY OF ALL
PERSONS AND PROPERTY, THAT THIS REQUIREMENT SHALL APPLY CONTINUOUSLY
AND NOT BE LIMITED TO NORMAL WORKING HOURS, AND THAT THE CONTRACTOR
SHALL DEFEND, INDEMNIFY AND HOLD THE OWNER, THE ENGINEER AND THE CITY OF
FONTANA HARMLESS FROM ANY AND ALL LIABILITY, REAL OR ALLEGED, IN
CONNECTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF WORK ON THIS PROJECT, EXCEPTING FOR
LIABILITY ARISING FROM THE SOLE NEGLIGENCE OF THE OWNER, THE ENGINEER, OR
THE CITY OF FONTANA.
PRIVATE ENGINEER'S NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS:
THE EXISTENCE AND LOCATION OF ANY UNDERGROUND UTILITY PIPES OR STRUCTURES
SHOWN ON THESE PLANS ARE OBTAINED BY A SEARCH OF THE AVAILABLE RECORDS.
TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THERE ARE NO. EXISTING UTILITIES EXCEPT SHOWN
ON THIS MAP. THE CONTRACTOR IS REQUIRED TO TAKE DUE PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES TO PROTECT THE UTILITY LINES AS SHOWN AND ANY OTHER LINES NOT OF
RECORD OR NOT SHOWN ON THIS DRAWING. PRIOR TO EXCAVATION, THE CONTRACTOR
SHALL CALL TOLL FREE, 1-800-422-4133 TO VERIFY THE UNDERGROUND LOCATION
OF GAS AND TELEPHONE LINES AT LEAST 48 HOURS PRIOR TO THE START OF
EXCAVATION.
Prepared Under The Supervision of. CITY OF FONTANA, CALIFORNIA
Q�pFESS1ONq/ Lane &Associates
PNCE q. � STREET IMPROVEMENT PLAN
CIVIL ENGINEERS - SURVEYORS
9� rn 274 W. 9tb Street DRAWN BY: SCALE:
w No. 24838 m Upland, CA 91786 RL TRACT NO. 16494 1 = 40
Exp. 12/31/07 (909) 981-1800 - (909) 981-8626 FAX DESIGNED BY: TITfE S EET DATE:
� * L
�
- TL
C IV I\' ��\P l / 2 (� �a CHECKED BY. P OVED BY: ' DRAWING NO.:
F OF CAL�FD Terrance A. Lane bate TL 71
RCE24838 Expires 12/31107 CITY ENGINEER R.C.E. 51 152 DATE 4174 2
1
REVISION DESCRIPTION
m
1212 91
m
SHOULD CONSTRUCTION OF THE REQUIRED IMPROVEMENTS
NOT COMMENCE WITHIN TWO YEARS OF THE DATE OF
APPROVAL SHOWN HEREON AND CARRIED FORTH IN A DILIGENT
MANNER, THE CITY ENGINEER MAY REQUIRE REVISIONS TO THE
PLANS TO BRING THEM INTO CONFORMANCE WITH CONDITIONS
AND STANDARDS IN EFFECT.
NOTE.
QUANTITIES ESTIMATES AREA PROVIDED FOR THE INFORMATION AND CONVENIENCE OF
THE DEVELOPER ONLY. THE CONTRACTOR IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ACCURATELY
ESTIMATING QUANTITIES OF ALL CONSTRUCTION ITEMS AND MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR
THE COMPLETION OF THE PROJECT.
CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY FOR SAFETY:
IN SUBMITTING A BID FOR THIS WORK, THE CONTRACTOR AGREES THAT HE SHALL
ASSUME SOLE AND COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY FOR JOB SITE CONDITIONS DURING
THE COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THIS PROJECT,. INCLUDING SAFETY OF ALL
PERSONS AND PROPERTY, THAT THIS REQUIREMENT SHALL APPLY CONTINUOUSLY
AND NOT BE LIMITED TO NORMAL WORKING HOURS, AND THAT THE CONTRACTOR
SHALL DEFEND, INDEMNIFY AND HOLD THE OWNER, THE ENGINEER AND THE CITY OF
FONTANA HARMLESS FROM ANY AND ALL LIABILITY, REAL OR ALLEGED, IN
CONNECTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF WORK ON THIS PROJECT, EXCEPTING FOR
LIABILITY ARISING FROM THE SOLE NEGLIGENCE OF THE OWNER, THE ENGINEER, OR
THE CITY OF FONTANA.
PRIVATE ENGINEER'S NOTICE TO CONTRACTORS:
THE EXISTENCE AND LOCATION OF ANY UNDERGROUND UTILITY PIPES OR STRUCTURES
SHOWN ON THESE PLANS ARE OBTAINED BY A SEARCH OF THE AVAILABLE RECORDS.
TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THERE ARE NO. EXISTING UTILITIES EXCEPT SHOWN
ON THIS MAP. THE CONTRACTOR IS REQUIRED TO TAKE DUE PRECAUTIONARY
MEASURES TO PROTECT THE UTILITY LINES AS SHOWN AND ANY OTHER LINES NOT OF
RECORD OR NOT SHOWN ON THIS DRAWING. PRIOR TO EXCAVATION, THE CONTRACTOR
SHALL CALL TOLL FREE, 1-800-422-4133 TO VERIFY THE UNDERGROUND LOCATION
OF GAS AND TELEPHONE LINES AT LEAST 48 HOURS PRIOR TO THE START OF
EXCAVATION.
Prepared Under The Supervision of. CITY OF FONTANA, CALIFORNIA
Q�pFESS1ONq/ Lane &Associates
PNCE q. � STREET IMPROVEMENT PLAN
CIVIL ENGINEERS - SURVEYORS
9� rn 274 W. 9tb Street DRAWN BY: SCALE:
w No. 24838 m Upland, CA 91786 RL TRACT NO. 16494 1 = 40
Exp. 12/31/07 (909) 981-1800 - (909) 981-8626 FAX DESIGNED BY: TITfE S EET DATE:
� * L
�
- TL
C IV I\' ��\P l / 2 (� �a CHECKED BY. P OVED BY: ' DRAWING NO.:
F OF CAL�FD Terrance A. Lane bate TL 71
RCE24838 Expires 12/31107 CITY ENGINEER R.C.E. 51 152 DATE 4174 2
1