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HomeMy WebLinkAbout2355-1CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL CASE: Design Review #92-22 DATE: February 22, 1993 PROJECT: Site review for telephone equipment facilities on a 4,960 foot site. GENERAL CaNINTiONS: 1. Prior to the construction of any modifications, ail structural and oesthetic changes to the project design must be requested and approved in writing by a Case Planner, Manager of Planning and the Community Development Director. All minor changes to approved construction plans must be required and approved as above with the additional authorization from the City Engineer, Manager of Building and Safety and Public Works Director. Major structural and oesthetic changes exceeding the codified parameters of administrative policy shall be presented to the Planning Commission for approval. Changes made without approval as stated herein, will prevent the issuance of a Certificate of Occupancy until corrections ore approved in writing by all appropriate staff. PLANNING DEPARTi MT: (SEE ALSO GENERAL CONDITIONS): 2. The following Conditions of Approval shall be incorporated into off applicable finol construction plans and a coy of these conditions shall be placed on the first sheet of the final building plans prior to issuance of building permits. 3. Design Review approval of said project shall be valid for a period of two years, with a possible one year time extension subject to Planning Commission approval. Said time limit requires the issuance of a building permit and the commencement of construction prior to the expiration date and a period of one year may not be exceeded between the lost final of one phase and the permit issuance on the next. 4. Standard Conditions of Approval for Design Review, as per Planning Commission Resolution #85-39 shall apply. 5. Development of this project shall comply with all applicable development standards of the Hunter's Ridge Specific Plan. (Hunter's Ridge Specific Plan Amendment No. 2) 6. Design Review #92-22 is subject to the approval and adoption of Hunter's Ridge Specific Plan Amendment #92-03. (Hunter's Ridge Specific Pion Amendment No. 2) LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT (SEE ALSO GENERAL CONDITioNs�: 7. All landscope and irrigation plans shall comply to the City of Fontana Standard Specifications. 8. Landscape and irrigation plans shall comply with Hunter's Ridge Specific Plan. 10. All landscape and irrigation designs shall incorporate drought tolerant plant materials and water efficient irrigation systems. 11. The following plans require approval for Landscape Development Planning Division, prior to issuance of a buid'ing permit. Submit 2 copies for review. K 2 Landscape construction plan and details B. 2 Irrigation plan and details C. 2 Planting pion and details DOING SWM SEE ALSO GENERAL CONDITIONS . 12. 81) Shall comply with the latest adopted edition of the foNowing codes: A. Uniform Building Code and its appendices and standards. B. Uniform Plumbing Code and its appendices and standards. C. Uniform Mechanical Code and its appendices and standards. D. Uniform Building Security Code. E. Title 24, California Code of Regulations. F. Uniform Fire Code and its appendices and standards. B2) Automatic fire sprinkler systems shall be installed in oll new construction per Fontana City Ordinance No. 841. Design and type of system shall be based upon the requirements of the Uniform Building Code, Uniform Fire Code, and the requirements of the Division of Fire Protection, Planning do Engineering of the San Bernardino County Fire Agency. 03) Permits are required prior to the removal and/or demolition of structures. 134) The requirements of the Department of Environmental Health Services and the Air Quality Management District shall be satisfied prior to the issuance of any permit if hazardous materials are stored and/or used. B5) Any temporor building, trailer, commercial coach, etc. installed ond7or used in connection with a construction project shall comply with Fontana City Ordinance No. 1007. 86) All perimeter/bou n dory walls shall be designed and constructed so that the outer/exterior face of the wall is as close as possible to the property line. In any case, the outer/exterior face of the wall shall be within two (2) inches of the property line. B7) The roof structures or trusses for all new single family development and the roof structures or trusses for those ports of the roofs that are not flat, with a minimum slope of 3:12 on new multi -family development Including condominiums, apartments, cooperatives, board and core facilities, and new hotels and motels, shall be designed to support concrete the or clay tile roofs. (Per Fontana City Ordinance No. 968 and No.1032) All new single family and multi development with roofs or ports thereof that are not flat with a minimum slope of 3:12 shall be required to have a minimum of Class A. 30 -year manufacturers warranty, 300 pound per square composition roof shingle which is architecturally compatible with the building. Roofing materials that are of a higher standards than aforementioned such as clay tile, concrete tile, aluminum shingles, or slate are acceptable provided that those roofing materials have a manufacturers warranty of at least thirty (30) years. All new industrial and commercial development, including multi -family development in commercial zones, with roofs or parts thereof that are not flat, with a minimum slope of 3:12, shall be required to have concrete, or clay the or metal roofs which are architecturally compatible with the building. 138) The following items shall be completed and/or submitted to the Building do Safety Division --as applicable --prior to the issuance of any building permits for this project: A. Precise grading plans shall be approved. B. Rough grading completed C. Compaction certification D. Pad elevation certification E. Rough grade inspection signed off by a City Building Inspector PRECISE GRADING (CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL CONT.) 611) Grading Requirements: A. All drainage water shall drain via approved methods, to an approved location --public street, public drainage system, etc. B. Drainage water shall not cross over a public sidewalk. Drainage water may however, cross under a sidewalk if an approved drainage structure is used. C. No water course or natural drainage shall be obstructed. D. Minimum slope orrade for ALL drainage structures shall be one half 0.50) percent for concrete and one (1.0) percent for all other. E. Drainage water shall not pass from an "improved' type of drainage structure to an "unimproved" type of drainage structure. (ie: concrete swale to slag or dirt swale) G. The grading plans shall, as a minimum, contain sections at all property lines and/or permit boundary lines. These sections shall clearly indicate: 1. the relationship between the proposed finished on-site grade elevations and the existing adjacent property grade elevations, (Indicate any additional drainage water that may come from an, adjacent property.); and 2. the ground cover/finished surface material being proposed, (ie: type of pavement, plant material, etc.); and 3. all proposed drainage structures; and 4. any proposed and/or required walls or fencing. SCHOOL DISTRICT: N/A FIRE CONDITIONS: (SEE ALSO GENERAL CONDITIONS) 13. The Fire Agency is required to set a minimum fire flow for the addition to, or the construction of buildings using the San Bernardino County "Guide for Determining Required Fire Flow". This formula has been established the required fire flow to be 750 GPM for a 2 hour duration at 20 psi residual operating pressure. The water system and hydrants shall be in operating condition before any combustible material is placed on the job site. F1 • Prior to building permits being issued, private road maintenance, including but not limited to grading and snow removal, shall be provided prior to recordation or approval. Written documentation shall be submitted to the Fire Agency having jurisdiction. Private fire accoss roads shall be required to provide an all-weather surface with a minimum paving width of twenty (20) feet. F2: Prior to recordation of the final parcel or tract and/or before issuance of building permit(s), a water system designed to meet the required fire flow shall be approved by the Water Company having jurisdiction and Fire Staff. The developer shall furnish the Fire Agency with two copies of the water system improvement plans and a letter from the water purveyor stating the water system is capable of providing the required fire flow. The water system shall be approved and operational or provisions for bonding shall be required prior to recordation. Water supply for fire protection shall be operational and field inspection approval shall be granted before construction will be permitted. The required fire flow shall be determined by using appropriate calculations established by the San Bernardino County "Guide for Determining Required Fire Flow". All underground piping for water systems shall have a minimum of eight (8) inches in diameter with no less than six (6) inch lateral lines, and six (6) inch risers. F3. The above referenced project is protected by the San Bernardino County Fire Agency. Prior to any construction occurring on any parcel, the applicant shall contact the Fire Agency for verification of current fire protection requirements. All new construction shall comply with the existing Uniform Fire Code requirements and all applicable codes, ordinances or standards of the Fire Agency. F5 Prior to any framing construction occurring, all flammable vegetation shall be removed from around all building materials and structures at a distance of thirty (30) feet. F7: Prior to framing construction, approved fire hydrants and firm hydrant pavement markers shall be installed. FI a hydrants shall be six 6) inches in diameter with a minimum of one four (4) inch and one 2 1/1 inch connection as specified by fire staff. The design of the fire hydrant and hydrant markers shall be approved by the Fire Agency. In areas where snow removal occurs or non -paved roads exist, the blue reflective hydrant marker shall be posted on an approved post three (3) feet from hydrant. All fire hydrant spacing shall be three hundred (300) feet with the exception of single family which may be increased to six hundred (600) feet maximum unless otherwise approved by the Fire Chief. F9b: Prior to final inspection, commercial and industrial street address numbers shall be posted, on the building, with a minimum eight (8) inch in height by three fourth (3/4) inch stroke width and shall be visible from the street. During the hours of darkness, the numbers shall be electrically illuminated. Where building setback exceeds one hundred (100) feet from the roadway, additional non -illuminated contrasting six (6) Inch numbers shall be displayed at the property access entrances. F16: Prior to Fire Agency clearance for occupancy, this building shall be equipped with an early warning protection device, which is directly remote to a 24- hour man -operated GTE facility. This system shall comply with Fire Agency guidelines. The applicant shall submit hydraulic calculations and detailed plans showing type of storage and use with the applicable protection system. Consultant fee for plan review shall be paid directly to the consultant and shall include two field inspections. MODIFIED AT PC 2-22-93 F23: Prior to final Inspection or occupancy, hand portable fire extinguishers are required to be provided. The location, type and cabinet design shall be approved by the Fire Agency. F32: Prior to framing construction occurring, the Applicant/developer is required to provide Fire Staff with a letter from the water company having jurisdiction, verifying financial arrangements have been made for the required water improvements or that existing fire hydrants and water system will meet distance and fire flow requirements. Fire flow supply shall be in place prior to placing combustible materials on the job -site. F35: Prior to release for map recordation, building permits, or occupancy, the required fire fees shall be paid to the San Bernardino County Fire Agency. Please contact our office at (714)356-3417 regarding the amount of fees required. AND LANDSCAPE PLANSAN SEVAINE • PARK FOR CALIFORNIA ETIVVANDA R.S.U. # 01 -CP -117 SAN SEVAINE PARK IN THE CITY OF FONTANA COUNTY OF SAN BERNARDINO (CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL CONT.) SPECIFIC PROJECT REQUIREMENTS: 1. If a proposed flomn able/combustible liquid storage tank is proposed, it should be illustrated on the site plan. 2. Above ground flammable/combustible storage is prohibited in the City of Fontana unless approved by the Planning Department, Building and Safety, Environmental Services and Fire Staff. Proper applications for permit to store must be filed with our office prior to conceptual planning. 3. If an automatic sprinkler system is undesirable based on the type of equipment used in this facility, an approved alternate means of protection may be requested by the applic int by providing an extinguishing system which is compatible with the equipment used. The following Fire Protection Guidelines shall apply to this project. Please have the Engineer and/or Architect contact our office for specific standard requirements prior to design. GL 10.203: EMERGENCY ACCESS WAYS GL 10.401: WATER SUPPLY FOR FIRE PROTECTION GL 10.301: PREMISES IDENTIFICATION (ADDRESSING) POUCE DEPARTMENT: (SEE ALSO GENERAL CONDITIONS) 14. Anti Graffiti Measures A. All perimeter walls will be required to have a graffiti proof coating and clinging vines, etc., approved by the Police Deportment. Residential: Refer to Section V, D-1, 2, 3, & f Commercial: Refer to Section Vi, M-2, #, & 4 Industrial: Refer to Section VI, M-2, 3, & 4 15. Additional Requirements A. Roof top address will be required at 36" in length and 12" in width. Refer to Section VI, L-4. B. The applicant/developer will be required to pay the Police Capital Facilities Fee per City Ordinance No.1028. Residential - $109 per dwelling unit Multi -Family Residential - $184 per dwelling unit Commercial - $0.14 per sq. ft. of building Industrial: $0.03 per sq. ft. of building ENGINEERING DIVISION: (SEE ALSO GENERAL CONDITIONS) PRIOR TO ISSUANCE OF CONSTRUCTION PERMITS/BUILDING PERMITS 16. Prepare and submit a final grading plan showing building footprints, pad elevations, finish grades, drainage routes, drainage acceptance approvals, retaining walls/non-retaining walls and elevations, erosion control, slope easements and other pertinent information in accordance with Chapter 70 of the U.B.C. Additionally, this plan must be accompanied by a report on the disposition of trees and shrubs in accordance with Chapter 30 of the Fontana Municipal Code. PRIVATE ENGINEER'S NOTICE TO CONTRACTOR THE CONTRACTOR AGREES THAT HE SHALL ASSUME SOLE AND COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY FOR JOB SITE CONDITIONS DURING THE COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION OF THiS PROJECT, INCLUDING SAFETY OF ALL PERSONS AND PROPERTY: THAT THIS REQUIREMENT SHALL APPLY CONTINUOUSLY AND NOT BE LIMITED TO NORMAL WORKING HOURS; AND THAT THE CONTRACTOR SHALL DEFEND, INDEMNIFY, AND HOLD THE AGENCY AND THE ENGINEER HARMLESS FROM ANY AND ALL LIABILTY, REAL OR ALLEGED, IN CONNECTION WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF WORK ON THIS PROJECT, EXCEPTING FOR LIABILITY ARISING FROM THE SOLE NEGLIGENCE OF THE AGENCY OR THE ENGINEER. UNDERGROUND UTILITIES & STRUCTURES THE EXISTENCE AND LOCATION OF ANY UNDERGROUND UTILITIES OR STRUCTURES SHOWN IN THESE PLANS WERE OBTAINED BY A SEARCH OF AVAILABLE RECORDS. TO THE BEST OF OUR KNOWLEDGE, THERE ARE NO EXISTING UTILITIES EXCEPT THOSE SHOWN ON THESE PLANS. THE CONTRACTOR IS REQUIRED TO TAKE ALL PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TO PROTECT THE UTILITIES SHOWN, AND iS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PROTECTION OF, AND ANY DAMAGE TO THESE LINES OR STRUCTURES. "CAUTION: THE ENGINEER PREPARING THESE PLANS WILL NOT BE RESPONSIBLE FOR, OR LIABLE FOR, UNAUTHORIZED CHANGES OR USES OF THESE PLANS./' ALL CHANGES TO THE PLANS MUST BE iN" WRITING AND MUST BE APPROVED BY THE PREPARER OF THESE PLANS. (CONDITIONS OF APPROVAL CONT.) 17. Provide and record a reciprocal use ogreement to assure common ingress and egress and joint maintenance of all common access, parking areas, driveways and drainage acceptance. 18. All plan check fees shall be paid with the fire complete submittal for plan checking. Final determination of all plan check fees will be made prior to issuance of permits and must be paid in full before permits are issued. 19. ' ' FeetF18VANIS k; Am R .' . DELETED AT PC 2-22-93 19. The applicant shall construct the turf block access road from the parks off-street parking facility to the GTE site. ADDED AT PC 2-22-93 20. All permits required in order to accomplish planned construction must be obtained prior to constructing new or joining existing improvements. 21. Pay all applicable service and impact fees pursuant to the Fontana Municipal Code. 22. Appliesicit shall pay the esse9ongemte feF ' DELETED AT PC 2-22-93 PRIOR TO ISSUANCE OF OCCUPANCY PERMITS 23. Provide a certificate from the engineer of record attesting to the completion of finish grading, in accordance with the City approved grading plan. 24. Distribute for signature of each initial buyer the information forms/disclosure notices regarding the property's inclusion in the approved Assessment Disxric;ts or Special Tax Districts formed for the benefit of the properties therein. 25. The applicant shall fully construction landscape Improvements onsite and offsite per approved plan, the City's standards and specifications, and shall obtain the City's Inspector's final inspection sigh -off after verification of safe sight distance standards are met. Landscape improvements shall also include completion of landscape elements within and abutting lettered lots dedicated for open spaces as well as landscape easements. END OF CONDITIONS PAVING NOTES ACTUAL THICKNESS OF BASE MATERIAL TO BE DETERMINED BY SOIL TEST AND RECOMMENDED BY THE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER. R VALUES, GRAVEL EQUIVALENTS AND STRUCTURAL SECTION OF PAVED AREAS SHALL BE SUBMITTED TO THE CITY OF FONTANA FOR APPROVAL UPON COMPLETION OF ROUGH GRADING. CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO PREVENT GRADES, DITCHES AND SWALES FROM UNDERMINING EXISTING IMPROVEMENTS. UPON INSPECTION OF THE SITE CITY ENGINEER MAY REQUIRE TEMPORARY GUNITE SWALES, ENTERING OR LEAVING IMPROVEMENTS. PAVEMENT SECTIONS SHOWN ARE MINIMUM AND ARE FOR ESTIMATING PURPOSES ONLY. THE PAVEMENT SECTIONS ARE SUBJECT TO REVISION AND APPROVAL OF THE CITY AS REQUIRED BY SOILS TEST TAKEN AFTER COMPLETION OF ROUGH GRADING. 10110V CONTRACTOR SHALL LOCATE AND VERIFY POINTS OF CONNECTION TO EXISTING UTILITIES INCLUDING STORM DRAIN, SEWER, AND WATER, PRIOR TO THE START OF CONSTRUCTION. NOTIFY OWNER'S REPRESENTATIVE IF ANY DISCREPANCY FROM THESE PLANS. REFER TO LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS PLANS SHEETS LC.1, LC.2 FOR HORIZONTAL CONTROL. ADD 1500 TO CONSTRUCTION ELEVATIONS. 3 INDEX OF SHEETS: SHEET 1 TITLE SHEET SHEET 2 PRECISE GRADING PLAN SHEET 3 LANDSCAPE & IRRIGATION PLAN, GRADING DETAILS SHEET 4 LANDSCAPE PLAN DETAILS SHEET 5 IRRIGATION PLAN DETAILS Underground Service Alert eE ORE Yo G Call: TOLL FREE 1-800 422-4133 TWO WORKING DAYS BEFORE YOU DIG J t� �0f-i.:,Ss/0ti l SUR T,y� N y� C) N4.26221) r'' 4�i tyl Exp 3/31/98OF C' LOCATION MAP_ N.T.S. GENERAL NOTES: 1. ALL WORK SHOWN HEREON SHALL BE DONE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LASTEST EDITION OF THE "STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR PUBLIC WORKS CONSTRUCTION ("GREEN BOOK"), INCLUDING ALL SUPPLEMENTS AS WRITTEN AND PROMULGATED BY THE JOINT COOPERATIVE, COMMITTEE OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CHAPTER OF THE AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION AND THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA DISTRICT OF THE ASSOCIATED GENERAL CONTRACTORS OF CALIFORNIA, WITH THE CITY OF FONTANA STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS, AND CHAPTER 70 OF THE BUILDING CODE, LATEST EDITION. 2. PRIOR TO THE START OF GRADING, ALL EXISTING VEGETATION AND DEBRIS, INCLUDING EXISTING STRUCTURES, FOOTINGS, FOUNDATIONS, RUBBLE, TREES, AND ROOT SYSTEMS SHALL BE REMOVED FROM THE SITE TO THE SATISFACTION OF THE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER. 3. AFTER REMOVAL OF DEBRIS, ANY EXISTING FILL OR DISTURBED NATURAL SOILS SHALL BE EXCAVATED TO THE SATISFACTION OF THE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER. 4. THE EXPOSED SOILS SHALL THEN BE INSPECTED BY THE SOILS ENGINEER AND ANY ADDITIONAL OVER -EXCAVATION SHALL THEN BE MADE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER'S RECOMMENDATIONS AND AS CONTAINED IN THE GEOTECHNICAL REPORT. 5. THE EXPOSED SOILS SHOULD THEN BE SCARIFIED TO A MINIMUM DEPTH OF 6 INCHES, BROUGHT TO PROPER MOISTURE CONTENT AND COMPACTED TO AT LEAST 90% OF THE MAXIMUM DENSITY AS DETERMINED BY U.B.C. STANDARD 70-1, OR EQUIVALENT COMPACTION SHALL BE OBTAINED BY METHODS SPECIFIED BY THE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER. 6. IF ANY UNKNOWN SUB -SURFACE STRUCTURES ARE ENCOUNTERED DURING CONSTRUCTION, THEY SHALL BE IMMEDIATELY BROUGHT TO THE ATTENTION OF THE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER BEFORE PROCEEDING FURTHER. 7. PROTECTIVE MEASURES SHALL BE TAKEN BY THE CONTRACTOR SO AS NOT TO CAUSE ANY MUD, SILT OR DEBRIS TO BE DEPOSITED ONTO PUBLIC OR ADJACENT PROPERTY AT ALL TIMES DURING CONSTRUCTION. ANY MUD OR DEBRIS ON PUBLIC PROPERTY SHALL BE REMOVED IMMEDIATELY. DUST SHALL BE CONTROLLED BY WATERING OR OTHER APPROVED METHOD THROUGHOUT THE GRADING AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION OPERATIONS. 8. PRIOR TO THE START OF ANY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, THE CONTRACTOR SHALL FURNISH THE CITY WITH CERTIFICATIONS FROM THE CIVIL ENGINEER AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER THAT BUILDING PAD SUBGRADES ARE WITHIN 0.10 FOOT OF THE APPROVED PLANS AND THAT THE PROPER COMPACTION AND PREPARATION HAS BEEN OBTAINED. 9. NO GRADING SHALL COMMENCE WITHOUT OBTAINING GRADING PERMIT AND NOTIFYING GRADING INSPECTOR 24 -HOURS PRIOR TO THE START OF WORK. 10. RESPONSIBILITY FOR GRADING AND INSPECTION SHALL BE ASSUMED BY THE ENGINEERS OF WORK IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 7014 OF THE UNIFORM BUILDING CODE. 11. THE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER SHALL ALSO BE RESPONSIBLE TO VERIFY AND REPORT THAT PROPER COMPACTION HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY SUBCONTRACTORS AND AGENCIES CONCERNING UTILITY LINE BACKFILI. INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO SEWERS, WATER LINES, ELECTRICAL LINES, GAS AND LANDSCAPE IRRIGATION LINES. 1010 12. GERT-IF16AT-ES OF FINAL LOT GRABING ARE TO BE SUBMITTEB TO THE BUILDING AND SAFETY DIMSION PRIOR TO FINAL BUILDING . (FUTURE) 13. AN AS -GRADED GRADING PLAN AND CERTIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH SAID GRADING PLAN IS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE BUILDING AND SAFETY DIVISION PRIOR TO RELEASE OF GRADING BOND AND PRIOR TO FINAL GRADING INSPECTION. 14. ALL SLOPES EXCEEDING 5 FEET IN VERTICAL HEIGHT AND EXCEEDING 5:1 SLOPE ARE TO BE PLANTED WITH APPROVED PLANT MATERIAL AND PROVIDED WITH APPROVED WATERING SYSTEM. 15. ALL WORK SHALL BE DONE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER'S RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS, AS PER SOILS REPORT PREPARED BY C.H.J., INC., 85509-3L AND ANY AMENDMENTS THERETO, ARE HEREBY MADE A PART HEREOF. 16. MAINTAIN 5' VERTICAL CLEARANCE BETWEEN WATER AND SEWER LINES. 17. THE UNDERSIGNED CIVIL ENGINEER WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROFESSIONAL INSPECTIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH SECTION 7014 OF THE UNIFORM BUILDING CODE. EARTHWORK QUANTITIES CUT 500 CY FILL 500 CY JOB ADRESS: 5444 CHERRY AVENUE FONTANA, CALIFORNIA NOT A WATER PRESSURE IS 130 P.S.I. STATIC SEWER FIXTURE UNITS = 26 (APPROX.) WATER FIXTURE UNITS = 44 (APPROX.) PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT d: N. 4-5- 02 LF) r-),- �0 moi-'-" U d- N 0 Ln �j � N 10 LOLn 1 / N