HomeMy WebLinkAboutAppendix F - Paleontological AssessmentPALEONTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT
FOR THE BASELINE RESIDENTIAL
PROJECT
FONTANA, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY,
CALIFORNIA
APN 1110-171-02
Lead Agency:
City of Fontana
Community Development Department
8353 Sierra Avenue
Fontana, California 92335
Project Proponent:
EPD Solutions, Inc.
3333 Michelson Drive, Suite 500
Irvine, California 92612
Preparer:
BFSA Environmental Services,
a Perennial Company
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
September 30, 2024
Paleontological Assessment for the Baseline Residential Project
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Paleontological Database Information
Author: Todd A. Wirths, M.S., Senior Paleontologist,
California Professional Geologist No. 7588
Consulting Firm: BFSA Environmental Services,
a Perennial Company
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
(858) 484-0915
Report Date: September 30, 2024
Report Title: Paleontological Assessment for the Baseline Residential Project,
Fontana, San Bernardino County, California
Prepared for: EPD Solutions, Inc.
3333 Michelson Drive, Suite 500
Irvine, California 92612
Submitted to: City of Fontana
Community Development Department
8353 Sierra Avenue
Fontana, California 92335
USGS Quadrangle: Section 1, Township 1 South, Range 6 West, Fontana, California
(7.5-minute) USGS Quadrangle
Assessor’s Parcel Number: 1110-171-02
Study Area: 3.33 acres
Key Words: Paleontological assessment; Holocene alluvial fan deposits; low
paleontological resource sensitivity; monitoring not
recommended.
Paleontological Assessment for the Baseline Residential Project
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Table of Contents
Section Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND LOCATION .......................................................................1
2.0 REGULATORY SETTING ........................................................................................1
State of California .......................................................................................................1
City of Fontana ...........................................................................................................4
3.0 GEOLOGY .................................................................................................................5
4.0 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES ......................................................................5
Definition ....................................................................................................................5
Paleontological Locality Record Search .....................................................................7
5.0 PALEONTOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY ....................................................................7
Overview .....................................................................................................................7
Professional Standards ................................................................................................8
City Assessment of Paleontological Sensitivity .........................................................8
6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................8
7.0 CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................9
8.0 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................9
Appendices
Appendix A – Qualifications of Key Personnel
Appendix B – Paleontological Locality Record Search
List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1 General Location Map .................................................................................2
Figure 2 Project Location Map ...................................................................................3
Figure 3 Geologic Map...............................................................................................6
Paleontological Assessment for the Baseline Residential Project
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1.0 INTRODUCTION AND LOCATION
A paleontological resource assessment has been completed for the Baseline Residential
Project, located southwest of the intersection of Lime Avenue and Baseline Avenue, in the city of
Fontana, San Bernardino County, California (Figures 1 and 2). The 3.33-acre project consists of
one parcel (Assessor’s Parcel Number [APN] 1110-171-02). The project is situated within Section
1, Township 1 South, Range 6 West, as shown on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Fontana,
California topographic quadrangle map (see Figure 2). Plans for the project include the
construction of a residential townhome development. Currently, the parcel is vacant. Four feet of
cut was recommended for the project’s grading, to be replaced as compacted fill (Lump and Walker
2024).
As the lead agency, the City of Fontana required the preparation of a paleontological
assessment to evaluate the project’s potential to yield paleontological resources. The
paleontological assessment of the project included a review of paleontological literature and fossil
locality records in the area, a review of the underlying geology, and recommendations to mitigate
impacts to potential paleontological resources, if necessary. A paleontological site survey was not
performed since the project’s surface is flat and composed of undocumented fill sediments.
2.0 REGULATORY SETTING
The California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), which is patterned after the National
Environmental Policy Act, is the overriding environmental regulation that sets the requirement for
protecting California’s paleontological resources. CEQA mandates that governing permitting
agencies (lead agencies) set their own guidelines for the protection of nonrenewable
paleontological resources under their jurisdiction.
State of California
Under “Guidelines for Implementation of the California Environmental Quality Act,” as
amended in December 2018 (California Code of Regulations [CCR] Title 14, Division 6, Chapter
3, Sections 15000 et seq.), procedures define the types of activities, persons, and public agencies
required to comply with CEQA. Section 15063 of the CCR provides a process by which a lead
agency may review a project’s potential impact on the environment, consider whether the impacts
are significant, and provide recommendations, if necessary.
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In CEQA’s Environmental Checklist Form, one of the questions to answer is, “Would the
project directly or indirectly destroy a unique paleontological resource or site or unique geologic
feature?” (Appendix G, Section VII, Part f). This is to ensure compliance with California Public
Resources Code Section 5097.5, the law that protects nonrenewable resources including fossils,
which is paraphrased below:
a) A person shall not knowingly and willfully excavate upon, or remove, destroy,
injure or deface any historic or prehistoric ruins, burial grounds, archaeological
or vertebrate paleontological site, including fossilized footprints, inscriptions
made by human agency, rock art, or any other archaeological, paleontological
or historical feature, situated on public lands, except with the express
permission of the public agency having jurisdiction over such lands.
b) As used in this section, “public lands” means lands owned by, or under the
jurisdiction of the state, or any city, county, district, authority, or public
corporation, or any agency thereof.
c) A violation of this section is a misdemeanor.
City of Fontana
In the Final Environmental Impact Report (FEIR) of the City of Fontana General Plan
Update 2015–2035, two paleontological resource mitigation measures are specified: MM-CUL-4
and MM-CUL-5. MM-CUL-4 must be implemented before construction starts, while MM-CUL-
5 must be implemented before, during, and after construction (City of Fontana 2018a). The
measures are as follows:
MM-CUL-4: A qualified paleontologist shall conduct a pre-construction field
survey of any project site within the Specific Plan Update area that is underlain by
older alluvium. The paleontologist shall submit a report of findings that provides
specific recommendations regarding further mitigation measures (i.e.,
paleontological monitoring) that may be appropriate.
MM-CUL-5: Should mitigation monitoring of paleontological resources be
recommended for a specific project within the project site, the program shall
include, but not be limited to, the following measures:
• Assign a paleontological monitor, trained and equipped to allow the rapid
removal of fossils with minimal construction delay, to the site full-time
during the interval of earth-disturbing activities.
• Should fossils be found within an area being cleared or graded, earth-
disturbing activities shall be diverted elsewhere until the monitor has
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completed salvage. If construction personnel make the discovery, the
grading contractor shall immediately divert construction and notify the
monitor of the find.
• All recovered fossils shall be prepared, identified, and curated for
documentation in the summary report and transferred to an appropriate
depository (i.e., San Bernardino County Museum).
• A summary report shall be submitted to City of Fontana. Collected
specimens shall be transferred with [a] copy of [the] report to [the] San
Bernardino County Museum (City of Fontana 2018a).
3.0 GEOLOGY
The project is located approximately in the middle of the broad Lytle Creek alluvial fan
that emanates from the San Gabriel Mountains approximately four miles to the north of the project
as a result of uplift and dissection of the eastern San Gabriel Mountains. The main source of these
sediments is from the Lytle Creek drainage, located near where the northwest- to southeast-
trending San Andreas Fault zone cuts across and separates the San Gabriel and San Bernardino
mountain ranges (Morton and Miller 2006). Geomorphically, the project is relatively flat lying,
with a gentle slope to the south. Geologically, the project is mapped as Holocene young alluvial
fan sediments, consisting of mostly sand (yellow areas with red dots labeled “Qyf5” on Figure 3,
after Morton and Miller 2006).
A geotechnical investigation was recently completed at the project by Petra Geosciences,
Inc. (Lump and Walker 2024). Seven test pits were dug to as much 13 feet deep. The surface of
the project is covered with one to three feet of artificial fill composed of silt, sand, gravel, and
cobbles. Underlying the fill are Holocene young alluvial soils consisting of fine- to coarse-grained
sand with silt and silty sand with increasing percentages of gravel and cobbles with depth. Cobbles
were as much as 12 inches in length.
4.0 PALEONTOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Definition
Paleontological resources are the remains of prehistoric life that have been preserved in
geologic strata. These remains are called fossils and include bones, shells, teeth, and plant remains
(including their impressions, casts, and molds) in the sedimentary matrix, as well as trace fossils
such as footprints and burrows. Fossils are considered older than 5,000 years of age (Society of
Vertebrate Paleontology 2010) but may include younger remains (subfossils) when viewed in the
context of local extinction of the organism or habitat, for example. Fossils are considered a
nonrenewable resource under state and local guidelines (see Section 2.0).
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Paleontological Locality Record Search
A prior paleontological record search from the San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM)
for a nearby project was used to assess the proximity of established fossil localities (Cortez 2021;
Appendix B). The record search radius of the prior project, located at the northwest corner of the
intersection of Arrow Boulevard and Almeria Avenue, encompassed the current project.
According to Cortez (2021), the closest fossil locality is situated about five miles to the south,
consisting of Pleistocene bones from a saber-tooth cat (Smilodon) (SBCM locality 5.1.11). This
fossil was found just five feet below the surface, covered by three to five feet of Holocene alluvial
deposits. Seven localities (SBCM localities 5.1.14 to 5.1.17 and 5.1.19 to 5.1.21) lie about six
miles southwest of the current project. The bones of large and small Pleistocene-age mammals as
well as terrestrial snails and freshwater clams were recovered from these localities, mostly from
clayey, silty sands from depths ranging from five to 21 feet below the surface, when recorded.
Mammals from these localities include three species of rodents, cottontail rabbit, bison, camel,
horse, mastodon, and other unidentified large mammal remains (Cortez 2021). Cortez (2021)
indicates:
… that the proposed development is located on Quaternary younger alluvial
deposits from Lytle Creek deposits of Holocene and late Pleistocene age (Morton,
2003). These sediments have low potential to contain significant paleontological
resources. However, these sediments may overlay older Pleistocene fan deposits.
These potentially-fossiliferous sediments were deposited between ~1.8 million
years ago to ~11,000 years ago. Older Pleistocene deposits in the area have been
found to be highly fossiliferous yielding the remains of ground sloths, bison and
horse.
5.0 PALEONTOLOGICAL SENSITIVITY
Overview
The degree of paleontological sensitivity of any particular area is based on a number of
factors, including the documented presence of fossiliferous resources on a site or in nearby areas,
the presence of documented fossils within a particular geologic formation or lithostratigraphic unit,
and whether or not the original depositional environment of the sediments is one that may have
been conducive to the accumulation of organic remains that might have become fossilized over
time. Holocene alluvium is generally considered to be geologically too young to contain
significant nonrenewable paleontological resources (i.e., fossils) and therefore is typically
assigned a low paleontological sensitivity. Pleistocene (over 11,700 years old) alluvial and alluvial
fan deposits in the Inland Empire, however, often yield important terrestrial vertebrate fossils, such
as extinct mammoths, mastodons, and giant ground sloths, as well as extinct species of horse,
bison, camel, saber-toothed cats, and others (Jefferson 1991; Cortez 2021). These Pleistocene
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sediments are therefore accorded a high paleontological resource sensitivity.
Professional Standards
The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (2010) has drafted guidelines that include four
categories of paleontological sensitivity for geologic units (formations) that might be impacted by
a proposed project, as listed below:
• High Potential: Rock units from which vertebrate or significant invertebrate, plant, or
trace fossils have been recovered.
• Undetermined Potential: Rock units for which little information is available
concerning their paleontological content, geologic age, and depositional environment,
and that further study is needed to determine the potential of the rock unit.
• Low Potential: Rock units that are poorly represented by fossil specimens in
institutional collections or based on a general scientific consensus that only preserve
fossils in rare circumstances.
• No Potential: Rock units that have no potential to contain significant paleontological
resources, such as high-grade metamorphic rocks and plutonic igneous rocks.
Using these criteria, based on the Holocene-aged young alluvium mapped at the project,
the distance to the nearest known fossil localities, and the coarse nature of the alluvium
encountered during the geotechnical investigation, the young alluvial fan sediments at the project
may be considered to have a low paleontological potential.
City Assessment of Paleontological Sensitivity
Section 5.4.1.5 of the City of Fontana’s Draft Environmental Impact Report for the General
Plan (City of Fontana 2018b) describes the paleontological sensitivity of the strata underlying the
city. Based on Pleistocene vertebrate fossils recovered from the city’s southwestern area (SBCM
localities 5.1.11, 5.1.14 to 5.1.17, and 5.1.19 to 5.1.21), subsurface “older fan” Pleistocene deposits
are considered by the City to have a high potential for yielding fossils. The overlying “younger
fan” deposits at the surface are considered by the City as having no potential to yield significant
paleontological resources.
6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The project is situated in Holocene aged alluvial deposits that likely overlie older,
paleontologically sensitive Pleistocene alluvial deposits. The depth of the age transition from
Holocene to Pleistocene within the alluvial deposits is not known at the project, however, based
the investigation by Lump and Walker (2024), Holocene alluvial deposits are deeper than
anticipated grading depths. Based on shallow grading depths for the development and young,
coarse alluvial deposits composing the near-surface stratigraphy, the project will likely not
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encounter potentially paleontologically sensitive Pleistocene alluvium. Therefore, paleontological
monitoring is not recommended for the project. A Paleontological Resource Impact Mitigation
Program (PRIMP) is not warranted. However, if paleontological resources are discovered during
excavation activities, a qualified paleontologist should be consulted to determine the significance
of the discovery. If the discovery is determined to be significant by the qualified paleontologist,
paleontological monitoring could be required.
A qualified paleontologist is defined as an individual with an M.S. or Ph.D. in paleontology
or geology who has proven experience in paleontology and who is knowledgeable in professional
paleontological procedures and techniques. Fieldwork may be conducted by a qualified
paleontological monitor, defined as an individual who has experience in the collection and salvage
of fossil materials. The paleontological monitor shall always work under the direction of a
qualified paleontologist.
7.0 CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that the statements furnished above and in the attached exhibits present the
data and information required for this paleontological report, and that the facts, statements, and
information presented are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and have been
compiled in accordance with CEQA criteria.
September 30, 2024
Todd A. Wirths, M.S. Date
Senior Paleontologist
California Professional Geologist No. 7588
8.0 REFERENCES
City of Fontana. 2018a. Final Environmental Impact Report. Cultural Resources, Fontana Forward
General Plan Update 2015-2035. State Clearinghouse #2016021099.
https://www.fontana.org/DocumentCenter/View/29525/Final-Environmental-Impact-Report-
for-the-General-Plan-Update.
City of Fontana. 2018b. Draft Environmental Impact Report, Chapter 5.4. Cultural Resources,
Fontana Forward General Plan Update 2015-2035. https://www.fontana.org/Document
Center/View/26716/54-Cultural-Resources.
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Cortez, C. 2021. Untitled paleontological record search letter report for the Almeria Project, San
Bernardino County, for Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California, by the San
Bernardino County Museum, Redlands, California. (Appendix B)
Jefferson, G.T. 1991. A catalogue of late Quaternary vertebrates from California: Part two,
mammals. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Technical Reports, 7: i–v +
1–129.
Lump, E., and Walker, G.R. 2024. Due Diligence Feasibility Geotechnical Assessment: 3-acre
Vacant Property at 15547 Baseline Avenue, APN 1110-171-02-0000, Fontana, San
Bernardino County, California. Consulting report prepared for Newbridge Homes,
Newport Beach, California, by Petra Geosciences, Inc., Temecula, California.
Morton, D.M. and Miller, F.K. 2006. Geologic map of the San Bernardino and Santa Ana 30' x
60' quadrangles, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 06-1217, scale
1:100,000.
Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2010. Standard procedures for the assessment and mitigation
of adverse impacts to paleontological resources; by the SVP Impact Mitigation Guidelines
Revision Committee: https://vertpaleo.org/wp-
content/uploads/2021/01/SVP_Impact_Mitigation_Guidelines-1.pdf.
Paleontological Assessment for the Baseline Residential Project
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APPENDIX A
Qualifications of Key Personnel
Todd A. Wirths, MS, PG No. 7588
Senior Paleontologist
BFSA Environmental Services, A Perennial Company
14010 Poway Road Suite A
Phone: (858) 679-8218 Fax: (858) 679-9896 E-Mail: twirths@bfsa.perennialenv.com
Education
Master of Science, Geological Sciences, San Diego State University, California 1995
Bachelor of Arts, Earth Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz 1992
Professional Certifications
California Professional Geologist #7588, 2003
Riverside County Approved Paleontologist
San Diego County Qualified Paleontologist
Orange County Certified Paleontologist
OSHA HAZWOPER 40-hour trained; current 8-hour annual refresher
Professional Memberships
Board member, San Diego Geological Society
San Diego Association of Geologists; past President (2012) and Vice President (2011)
South Coast Geological Society
Southern California Paleontological Society
Experience
Mr. Wirths has more than a dozen years of professional experience as a senior-level paleontologist
throughout southern California. He is also a certified California Professional Geologist. At BFSA, Mr.
Wirths conducts on-site paleontological monitoring, trains and supervises junior staff, and performs all
research and reporting duties for locations throughout Los Angeles, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside,
Orange, San Diego, and Imperial Counties. Mr. Wirths was formerly a senior project manager
conducting environmental investigations and remediation projects for petroleum hydrocarbon-
impacted sites across southern California.
Selected Recent Reports 2019 Paleontological Assessment for the 10575 Foothill Boulevard Project, City of Rancho Cucamonga,
San Bernardino County, California. Prepared for T&B Planning, Inc. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2019 Paleontological Assessment for the MorningStar Marguerite Project, Mission Viejo, Orange
County, California. Prepared for T&B Planning. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California.
BFSA Environmental Services, A Perennial Company, 2
2019 Paleontological Monitoring Report for the Nimitz Crossing Project, City of San Diego. Prepared for Voltaire 24, LP. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2019 Paleontological Resource Impact Mitigation Program (PRIMP) for the Jack Rabbit Trail Logistics
Center Project, City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California. Prepared for JRT BP 1, LLC. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2020 Paleontological Monitoring Report for the Oceanside Beachfront Resort Project, Oceanside, San
California. Prepared for S.D. Malkin Properties. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2020 Paleontological Resource Impact Mitigation Program for the Nakase Project, Lake Forest, Orange
County, San California. Prepared for Glenn Lukos Associates, Inc. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2020 Paleontological Resource Impact Mitigation Program for the Sunset Crossroads Project, Banning,
Riverside County. Prepared for NP Banning Industrial, LLC. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2020 Paleontological Assessment for the Ortega Plaza Project, Lake Elsinore, Riverside County. Prepared for Empire Design Group. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2020 Paleontological Resource Record Search Update for the Green River Ranch III Project, Green River
Ranch Specific Plan SP00-001, City of Corona, California. Prepared for Western Realco. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2020 Paleontological Assessment for the Cypress/Slover Industrial Center Project, City of Fontana, San
Bernardino County, California. Prepared for T&B Planning, Inc. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2020 Paleontological Monitoring Report for the Imperial Landfill Expansion Project (Phase VI,
Segment C-2), Imperial County, California. Prepared for Republic Services, Inc. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2021 Paleontological Assessment for the Manitou Court Logistics Center Project, City of Jurupa Valley,
Riverside County, California. Prepared for Link Industrial. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2021 Paleontological Resource Impact Mitigation Program for the Del Oro (Tract 36852) Project,
Menifee, Riverside County. Prepared for D.R. Horton. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2021 Paleontological Assessment for the Alessandro Corporate Center Project (Planning Case PR-2020-
000519), City of Riverside, Riverside County, California. Prepared for OZI Alessandro, LLC. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California. 2021 Paleontological Monitoring Report for the Boardwalk Project, La Jolla, City of San Diego. Prepared for Project Management Advisors, Inc. Report on file at Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc., Poway, California.
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APPENDIX B
Paleontological Locality Record Search
21 March, 2021
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
Attn: Todd Wirths
14010 Poway Rd.,
Poway CA 92064
PALEONTOLOGY RECORDS REVIEW for proposed Almeria project in San
Bernardino County, California
Dear Mr. Wirths,
The Division of Earth Sciences of the San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM) has
completed a records search for the above-named project in San Bernardino County, California.
The proposed Almeria project is located near in the City of Fontana, California as shown on the
United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5 minute Fontana, California quadrangles.
Geologic mapping of that region indicates that the proposed development is located on
Quaternary younger alluvial deposits from Lytle Creek deposits of Holocene and late
Pleistocene age (Morton, 2003). These sediments have low potential to contain significant
paleontological resources. However, these sediments may overlay older Pleistocene fan
deposits. These potentially-fossiliferous sediments were deposited between ~1.8 million years
ago to ~11,000 years ago. Older Pleistocene deposits in the area have been found to be highly
fossiliferous yielding the remains of ground sloths, bison and horse.
For this review, I conducted a search of the Regional Paleontological Locality Inventory
(RPLI) at the SBCM. The results of this search indicate that no paleontological resources have
been discovered within the proposed project site however, there are several sites within a 5
mile buffer. Located approximately 4.88 miles southwest of the proposed site are eight (8)
SBCM localities from Pleistocene aged deposits; SBCM 5.1.11, 5.1.14, 5.1.15, 5.1.16, 5.1.17,
5.1.19, 5.1.20, and 5.1.21. Locality SBCM 5.1.11 uncovered a partial Smilodon skull at around a
five (5) foot depth as estimated by trenching machine installing a pipeline. At SBCM 5.1.14
San Bernardino
County Museum
Division of Earth
Sciences
Crystal Cortez
Curator of Earth Sciences
email: Crystal.cortez@sbcm.sbcounty.org
2024 Orange Tree Lane, Redlands, CA 92374 | Phone: 909.798.8616 Fax 909.307.0539
remains belonging to Gyraulus sp, Stagnicola sp, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Sylvilagus sp, Thomomys
sp, Neotoma sp, Microtus californicus, Mammut pacificus were discovered in very fine silty
clayey sand with occasional pebbles. A single Bison sp. tooth was recovered from cemented
clayey silty moderately sorted sand with small caliche rootlets at SBCM 5.1.15. Clayey silty fine
sand with occasional larger subangular grains at locality SBCM 5.1.16 yielded bone fragments of
Camelops hesternus. In the same type of sediment SBCM 5.1.17 and SBCM 5.1.19 unearthed
remains of a large mammal along with fragmentary material of Mammut pacificus. SBCM
5.1.20 had a dry light olive gray subangular san that yielded fragments from Camelops
hesternus, Artiodactyla, and a large mammal. SBCM locality 5.1.21 found fragmentary material
from Equus sp. at an approximate 21 foot depth.
This records search covers only the paleontological records of the San Bernardino
County Museum. It is not intended to be a thorough paleontological survey of the proposed
project area covering other institutional records, a literature survey, or any potential on-site
survey.
Please do not hesitate to contact us with any further questions that you may have.
Sincerely,
Crystal Cortez, Curator of Earth Sciences
Division of Earth Sciences
San Bernardino County Museum