HomeMy WebLinkAboutAppendix J - Acoustical Assessment
APPENDIX J
Acoustical Assessment
Acoustical Assessment
Sierra Distribution Facility Project
City of Fontana, California
Prepared by:
Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc.
1100 W Town and Country Road, Suite 700
Orange, California 92868
Contact: Ms. Olivia Chan
714.939.1030
May 2023
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Acoustical Assessment
May 2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Location ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Project Description ............................................................................................................................ 2
2 ACOUSTIC FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 Sound and Environmental Noise ........................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Groundborne Vibration .................................................................................................................... 12
3 REGULATORY SETTING
3.1 Federak ........................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2 State of California ............................................................................................................................ 14
3.3 Local ................................................................................................................................................ 15
4 EXISTING CONDITIONS
4.1 Existing Noise Sources ...................................................................................................................... 17
4.2 Noise Measurements ....................................................................................................................... 17
4.3 Sensitive Receptors .......................................................................................................................... 18
5 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY
5.1 CEQA Threshsolds ............................................................................................................................ 19
5.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 19
6 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.1 Acoustical Impacts ........................................................................................................................... 21
6.2 Cumulative Noise Impacts ................................................................................................................ 28
7 REFERENCES
References ....................................................................................................................................... 30
TABLES
Table 1 Typical Noise Levels ........................................................................................................................... 8
Table 2 Definitions of Acoustical Terms .......................................................................................................... 9
Table 3 Human Reaction and Damage to Buildings for Continuous or Frequent Intermittent Vibrations ........ 13
Table 4 Existing Noise Measurements .......................................................................................................... 17
Table 5 Sensitive Receptors .......................................................................................................................... 18
Table 6 Typical Construction Noise Levels ..................................................................................................... 21
Table 7 Project Construction Noise Levels .................................................................................................... 23
Table 8 Existing and Project Traffic Noise Levels ........................................................................................... 26
Table 9 Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Levels ............................................................................. 27
EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1 Regional Vicinity ................................................................................................................................ 5
Exhibit 2 Site Vicinity ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Exhibit 3 Overall Site Plan ................................................................................................................................. 7
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Noise Data
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LIST OF ABBREVIATED TERMS
APN Assessor’s Parcel Number
ADT Average daily traffic
dBA A-weighted sound level
CEQA California Environmental Quality Act
CLSP California Landings Specific Plan
CSMA California Subdivision Map Act
CNEL Community equivalent noise level
Ldn Day-night noise level
dB Decibel
du/ac Dwelling units per acre
Leq Equivalent noise level
FHWA Federal Highway Administration
FTA Federal Transit Administration
HVAC Heating ventilation and air conditioning
Hz Hertz
HOA Homeowner’s association
in/sec Inches per second
Lmax Maximum noise level
µPa Micropascals
Lmin Minimum noise level
PPV Peak particle velocity
RMS Root mean square
VdB Vibration velocity level
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1 INTRODUCTION
This report documents the results of an Acoustical Assessment completed for the Sierra Distribution
Facility Project (“Project” or “Proposed Project”). The purpose of this Acoustical Assessment is to evaluate
the potential construction and operational noise and vibration levels associated with the Project and
determine the level of impact the Project would have on the environment.
1.1 Project Location and Setting
The Project site is located in northern Fontana, in San Bernardino County (County); Refer to Exhibit 1:
Regional Vicinity. The Project site is comprised of six parcels (Assessor’s Parcel Numbers [APNs]: 1119-
241-10, -13, -18, -25, -26, and -27). The Project site is located at the northeast corner of the intersection
of Sierra Avenue and Clubhouse Drive within the City and is bounded to the north and south by existing
warehouse/industrial buildings, to the west by Sierra Avenue and residential development, and to the
east by Mango Avenue and a landfill; Refer to Exhibit 2: Local Vicinity.
The Project site is bound to the west by Sierra Avenue, to the east by Mango Avenue, and Windflower
Avenue enters the Project site from Sierra Avenue. The proposed Project site is presently developed with
four commercial/industrial buildings ranging from 5,000 to 25,000 square feet in size. The northwestern
quadrant is developed with one building and is utilized as a wooden pallet facility. The northeastern
quadrant is developed with one building and is utilized as a carnival attraction repair facility with truck
trailer parking. The southwestern quadrant is developed with one building and open-graded gravel
pavements and is utilized for truck trailer storage. The southeastern quadrant is developed with one
building and is utilized as a storage facility. The existing buildings are single-story, metal-framed structures
and are assumed to be supported on conventional shallow foundations with concrete slab-on-grade
floors. Ground surface cover consists mainly of open graded gravel and exposed soil, with AC or PCC
pavements surrounding the buildings. Little to no vegetation exists on site. Few large trees are present
between the northwest and northeast quadrants.
According to available historical sources, the Project site was historically undeveloped vacant land as early
as 1896 and was developed in phases from 1982 to 1990. The Project site was historically occupied by
light industrial businesses including: All American Pipe & Steel Distribution; Days Express Inc.; Anderson
Trucking Services; Apollo Amusement; San Gabriel Valley Lumber & Milling; S.J. Steel Inc.; Active Steel,
Inc.; and National Pallets (1987-Present). The Project site is currently occupied by the following
businesses:
1.) San Gabriel Valley Lumber & Milling, 6075 Sierra Avenue. This portion of the Project site is located
on the northwest and is used for manufacturing of wood molding and repair/ sale of wooden
pallets. This property was developed in late 1980s and houses a metal structure and a mobile
office.
2.) 5975 Sierra Ave./ 16899 Windflower Avenue. This parcel is located on the southwest portion and
is currently unoccupied. This property was last occupied by Anderson Trucking Services for storage
and distribution of furniture & was developed in early 1980s and houses a metal structure.
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3.) Davis Partners, 17010 Windflower Avenue. This parcel is located on the northeast portion and is
currently used for repair of carnival rides. This property was developed in the late 1980s and
houses two attached metal structures.
4.) Aluma Systems, 17051 Windflower Avenue. This parcel is located on the southeast portion and is
currently used for repair and rent of steel and aluminum scaffolding. This property was developed
in 1990 and houses a large metal structure. Two stormwater catch basins are present at this
property.
1.2 Project Description
The Project involves the development of a 398,514-square foot 1 warehouse building within an
approximately 18.3-acre site, with associated facilities and improvements including approximately 10,000
square feet of office space, vehicle parking, loading dock doors, trailer parking, onsite landscaping, and
related onsite improvements; refer to Exhibit 3: Overall Site Plan. The Project would have a Floor Area
Ratio (FAR) of 0.45 and can have a maximum FAR of 0.60. Future occupant(s) of the building are not known
at this time.
The single building for the Project would maintain a typical height of 43 feet with a maximum height not
to exceed 45.5 feet. The maximum building height allowed is approximately 75 feet. The building
elevations would be articulated with varying depths of recesses with windows. The paint scheme includes
a variable grey and white paint scheme to minimize the bulk and scale of the building with a decorative
paint feature in the recesses along the side (east and west) and rear (north) elevations of the building.
The dock doors (54) would be centered on the south side of the building.
Land Use and Zoning
The Project is consistent with the City’s General Plan land use designation and the zoning. The Project
site’s industrial land use designation is I-L: Light Industrial and the zoning is M-1: Light Industrial. I-L: Light
Industrial (0.1 to 0.6 FAR) allows for employee-intensive uses, including business parks, research and
development, technology centers, corporate and support office uses, clean industry, supporting retail
uses, truck and equipment sales and related services. Warehouses that are designed in ways that limit
off-site impacts are also permitted.
General uses permitted (either by right, minor use permit, or conditional use permit) under the industrial
zoning districts (Light Industrial [M-1]) includes manufacturing, food processing, service and repair,
storage and open yards, warehousing uses, retail sales, restaurants and bars, administrative and
professional offices, educational, and miscellaneous uses.
Landscaping
Landscaping would be provided on approximately 19.8 percent (78,795 square feet) of the Project site.
Landscaping would be installed in all areas not devoted to buildings, parking, traffic, and specific user
1 The analysis herein is based on trip generation for a total of 395,034 square feet. The nominal increase in
proposed square footage would not result in appreciable increases in operational emissions.
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requirements, in accordance with the City’s Zoning and Development Code Section 30-551 which specifies
landscape design guidelines for industrial zoning districts.
Project Circulation and Parking
Currently, the Project site is accessible from Windflower Avenue via Sierra Avenue. There is currently not
access between the Project site and Mango Avenue.
Regional Project access would be from State Route 210 (SR-210) via the officially designated local truck
route, Sierra Avenue. Local access would be provided via Sierra Avenue and Mango Avenue. Project site
ingress and egress would be via four driveways: one 40-foot (southerly) driveway and one 35-foot
(northerly) driveway on Sierra Avenue and one 40-foot (southerly) driveway and one 35-foot (northerly)
driveway on Mango Avenue. Trucks would enter the site via northbound Sierra Avenue and exit the site
via southbound Mango Avenue. Mango Avenue intersects with Sierra Lakes Parkway which reconnects
with Sierra Avenue. Trucks would access southbound Sierra Avenue from this point to reach SR-210 and
regional destinations beyond.
The Project would provide 132 parking stalls, 81 trailer stalls, and 37 tractor trailer stalls. Additionally, a
total of 54 dock doors would be provided. Parking stalls would be provided as follows:
• Standard = 98 stalls
• ADA Standard = 5 stalls
• ADA Van = 1 stall
• EV ADA Van = 1 stall
• EV Charging Only = 21 stalls
• EV ADA = 1 stalls
• EV Ambulance = 0 stalls
• Carpool/Vanpool/EV = 5 stalls
The Project would require a 34-foot right-of-way dedication for Mango Avenue.
Project Phasing and Construction
The Project is anticipated to be developed in one phase. Should the Project be approved, construction is
anticipated to occur over a duration of approximately 15 months, commencing in summer of 2024; the
facility would be operational in fall of 2025. New construction would include: (1) demolition, (2)
grading/removal of concrete, (3) building construction, (4) paving, (5) architectural coating, (6)
landscaping, and the applicable off-site improvements conditioned by the City consisting of standard curb
and gutter improvements.
Grading and Utilities
The following describes grading and utility work to be completed for the Project. The Project site is
relatively flat but would require grading to achieve the needed slopes and contour to facilitate building
design and connections to existing utilities. The existing site topography generally slopes downward to
the south at a gradient of 3± percent. The Project site would maintain the same general drainage pattern
and would be graded to conduct runoff to the new drainage facilities that would be constructed as part
of the Project. It is anticipated that the site would be graded to balance on-site, eliminating the need for
off-site soils hauling.
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Overhead SCE powerlines are present along the northern, southern, and western property lines of the
Project site. The overhead powerlines would be removed from their existing location and undergrounded.
The applicant would work with SCE to tie into, relocate, and extend services into the site as required.
Not to scale
EXHIBIT 1 : Regional Vicinity
Sierra Distribution Facility Project, City of Fontana
Project Site
Source: ESRI, 2022
Not to scale
EXHIBIT 2: Local Vicinity
Sierra Distribution Facility Project, City of Fontana
Source: ESRI, 2022
Mid-Valley Landfill
Not to scale
EXHIBIT 3: Overall Site Plan
Sierra Distribution Facility Project, City of Fontana
Source: HPA Architecture, 1/3/2023
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2 ACOUSTIC FUNDAMENTALS
2.1 Sound and Environmental Noise
Acoustics is the science of sound. Sound can be described as the mechanical energy of a vibrating object
transmitted by pressure waves through a medium (e.g., air) to human (or animal) ear. If the pressure
variations occur frequently enough (at least 20 times per second), they can be heard and are called sound.
The number of pressure variations per second is called the frequency of sound and is expressed as cycles
per second, or hertz (Hz).
Noise is defined as loud, unexpected, or annoying sound. The fundamental model consists of a noise
source, a receptor, and the propagation path between the two. The loudness of the noise source,
obstructions, or atmospheric factors affecting the propagation path, determine the perceived sound level
and noise characteristics at the receptor. Acoustics deal primarily with the propagation and control of
sound. A typical noise environment consists of ambient noise that is the sum of many distant and
indistinguishable noise sources. Superimposed on this ambient noise is the sound from individual local
sources. These sources can vary from an occasional aircraft or train passing by to continuous noise from
traffic on a major highway. Perceptions of sound and noise are highly subjective from person to person.
Measuring sound directly in terms of pressure would require a large range of numbers. To avoid this, the
decibel (dB) scale was devised. The dB scale uses the hearing threshold of 20 micro-pascals (µPa) as a
point of reference, defined as 0 dB. Other sound pressures are then compared to this reference pressure,
and the logarithm is taken to keep the numbers in a practical range. The dB scale allows a million-fold
increase in pressure to be expressed as 120 dB, and changes in levels correspond closely to human
perception of relative loudness. Table 1: Typical Noise Levels provides typical noise levels.
Table 1: Typical Noise Levels
Common Outdoor Activities Noise Level (dBA) Common Indoor Activities
– 110 – Rock Band
Jet fly-over at 1,000 feet
– 100 –
Gas lawnmower at 3 feet
– 90 –
Diesel truck at 50 feet at 50 miles per hour Food blender at 3 feet
– 80 – Garbage disposal at 3 feet
Noisy urban area, daytime
Gas lawnmower, 100 feet – 70 – Vacuum cleaner at 10 feet
Commercial area Normal Speech at 3 feet
Heavy traffic at 300 feet – 60 –
Large business office
Quiet urban daytime – 50 – Dishwasher in next room
Quiet urban nighttime – 40 – Theater, large conference room (background)
Quiet suburban nighttime
– 30 – Library
Quiet rural nighttime Bedroom at night, concert hall (background)
– 20 –
Broadcast/recording studio
– 10 –
Lowest threshold of human hearing – 0 – Lowest threshold of human hearing
Source: California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, September 2013.
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Noise Descriptors
The dB scale alone does not adequately characterize how humans perceive noise. The dominant
frequencies of a sound have a substantial effect on the human response to that sound. Several rating
scales have been developed to analyze the adverse effect of community noise on people. Because
environmental noise fluctuates over time, these scales consider that the effect of noise on people is largely
dependent on the total acoustical energy content of the noise, as well as the time of day when the noise
occurs. The equivalent noise level (Leq) represents the equivalent continuous sound pressure level over
the measurement period, while the day-night noise level (Ldn) and Community Equivalent Noise Level
(CNEL) are measures of sound energy during a 24-hour period, with dB weighted sound levels from 7:00
p.m. to 7:00 a.m. Most commonly, environmental sounds are described in terms of Leq that has the same
acoustical energy as the summation of all the time-varying events. Each is applicable to this analysis and
defined in Table 2: Definitions of Acoustical Terms.
Table 2: Definitions of Acoustical Terms
Term Definitions
Decibel (dB) A unit describing the amplitude of sound, equal to 20 times the logarithm to the base 10
of the ratio of the pressure of the sound measured to the reference pressure. The reference
pressure for air is 20.
Sound Pressure Level Sound pressure is the sound force per unit area, usually expressed in µPa (or 20
micronewtons per square meter), where 1 pascal is the pressure resulting from a force of
1 newton exerted over an area of 1 square meter. The sound pressure level is expressed in
dB as 20 times the logarithm to the base 10 of the ratio between the pressures exerted by
the sound to a reference sound pressure (e.g. 20 µPa). Sound pressure level is the quantity
that is directly measured by a sound level meter.
Frequency (Hz) The number of complete pressure fluctuations per second above and below atmospheric
pressure. Normal human hearing is between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Infrasonic sound are
below 20 Hz and ultrasonic sounds are above 20,000 Hz.
A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) The sound pressure level in dB as measured on a sound level meter using the A-weighting
filter network. The A-weighting filter de-emphasizes the very low and very high frequency
components of the sound in a manner similar to the frequency response of the human ear
and correlates well with subjective reactions to noise.
Equivalent Noise Level (Leq) The average acoustic energy content of noise for a stated period of time. Thus, the Leq of a
time-varying noise and that of a steady noise are the same if they deliver the same acoustic
energy to the ear during exposure. For evaluating community impacts, this rating scale
does not vary, regardless of whether the noise occurs during the day or the night.
Maximum Noise Level (Lmax)
Minimum Noise Level (Lmin)
The maximum and minimum dBA during the measurement period.
Exceeded Noise Levels
(L01, L10, L50, L90 )
The dBA values that are exceeded 1%, 10%, 50%, and 90% of the time during the
measurement period.
Day-Night Noise Level (Ldn) A 24-hour average Leq with a 10-dBA weighting added to noise during the hours of 10:00
p.m. to 7:00 a.m. to account for noise sensitivity at nighttime. The logarithmic effect of
these additions is that a 60 dBA 24-hour Leq would result in a measurement of 66.4 dBA Ldn.
Community Noise Equivalent
Level (CNEL)
A 24-hour average Leq with a 5-dBA weighting during the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 a.m.
and a 10-dBA weighting added to noise during the hours of 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. to
account for noise sensitivity in the evening and nighttime, respectively. The logarithmic
effect of these additions is that a 60 dBA 24-hour Leq would re sult in a measurement of 66.7
dBA CNEL.
Ambient Noise Level The composite of noise from all sources near and far. The normal or existing level of
environmental noise at a given location.
Intrusive That noise which intrudes over and above the existing ambient noise at a given location.
The relative intrusiveness of a sound depends on its amplitude, duration, frequency, and
time of occurrence and tonal or informational content as well as the prevailing ambient
noise level.
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The A-weighted decibel (dBA) sound level scale gives greater weight to the frequencies of sound to which
the human ear is most sensitive. Because sound levels can vary markedly over a short period of time, a
method for describing either the average character of the sound or the statistical behavior of the
variations must be utilized. Most commonly, environmental sounds are described in terms of an average
level that has the same acoustical energy as the summation of all the time-varying events.
The scientific instrument used to measure noise is the sound level meter. Sound level meters can
accurately measure environmental noise levels to within about plus or minus 1 dBA. Various computer
models are used to predict environmental noise levels from sources, such as roadways and airports. The
accuracy of the predicted models depends on the distance between the receptor and the noise source.
A-Weighted Decibels
The perceived loudness of sounds is dependent on many factors, including sound pressure level and
frequency content. However, within the usual range of environmental noise levels, perception of loudness
is relatively predictable and can be approximated by dBA values. There is a strong correlation between
dBA and the way the human ear perceives sound. For this reason, the dBA has become the standard tool
of environmental noise assessment. All noise levels reported in this document are in terms of dBA, but
are expressed as dB, unless otherwise noted.
Addition of Decibels
The dB scale is logarithmic, not linear, and therefore sound levels cannot be added or subtracted through
ordinary arithmetic. Two sound levels 10 dB apart differ in acoustic energy by a factor of 10. When the
standard logarithmic dB is A-weighted, an increase of 10 dBA is generally perceived as a doubling in
loudness. For example, a 70-dBA sound is half as loud as an 80-dBA sound and twice as loud as a 60-dBA
sound.2 When two identical sources are each producing sound of the same loudness, the resulting sound
level at a given distance would be 3 dBA higher than one source under the same conditions.3 Under the
dB scale, three sources of equal loudness together would produce an increase of approximately 5 dBA.
Sound Propagation and Attenuation
Sound spreads (propagates) uniformly outward in a spherical pattern, and the sound level decreases
(attenuates) at a rate of approximately 6 dB for each doubling of distance from a stationary or point
source. Sound from a line source, such as a highway, propagates outward in a cylindrical pattern. Sound
levels attenuate at a rate of approximately 3 dB for each doubling of distance from a line source, such as
a roadway, depending on ground surface characteristics.4 No excess attenuation is assumed for hard
surfaces like a parking lot or a body of water. Soft surfaces, such as soft dirt or grass, can absorb sound,
so an excess ground-attenuation value of 1.5 dB per doubling of distance is normally assumed.
Noise levels may also be reduced by intervening structures; generally, a single row of buildings between
the receptor and the noise source reduces the noise level by about 5 dBA, while a solid wall or berm
reduces noise levels by 5 to 10 dBA.5 The way older homes in California were constructed generally
2 FHWA, Noise Fundamentals, 2017. Available at:
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environMent/noise/regulations_and_guidance/polguide/polguide02.cfm
3 Ibid.
4 California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol , Page 2-29,
September 2013.
5 James P. Cowan , Handbook of Environmental Acoustics, 1994.
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provides a reduction of exterior-to-interior noise levels of about 20 to 25 dBA with closed windows. The
exterior-to-interior reduction of newer residential units is generally 30 dBA or more.
Human Response to Noise
The human response to environmental noise is subjective and varies considerably from individual to
individual. Noise in the community has often been cited as a health problem, not in terms of actual
physiological damage, such as hearing impairment, but in terms of inhibiting general well-being and
contributing to undue stress and annoyance. The health effects of noise in the community arise from
interference with human activities, including sleep, speech, recreation, and tasks that demand
concentration or coordination. Hearing loss can occur at the highest noise intensity levels.
Noise environments and consequences of human activities are usually well represented by median noise
levels during the day or night or over a 24-hour period. Environmental noise levels are generally
considered low when the CNEL is below 60 dBA, moderate in the 60 to 70 dBA range, and high above 70
dBA. Examples of low daytime levels are isolated, natural settings with noise levels as low as 20 dBA and
quiet, suburban, residential streets with noise levels around 40 dBA.6 Noise levels above 45 dBA at night
can disrupt sleep. Examples of moderate-level noise environments are urban residential or semi-
commercial areas (typically 55 to 60 dBA) and commercial locations (typically 60 dBA). People may
consider louder environments adverse, but most will accept the higher levels associated with noisier
urban residential or residential-commercial areas (60 to 75 dBA) or dense urban or industrial areas (65 to
80 dBA). Regarding increases in dBA, the following relationships should be noted 7:
• Except in carefully controlled laboratory experiments, a 1-dBA change cannot be perceived by
humans.
• Outside of the laboratory, a 3-dBA change is considered a just-perceivable difference.
• A minimum 5-dBA change is required before any noticeable change in community response would
be expected. A 5-dBA increase is typically considered substantial.
• A 10-dBA change is subjectively heard as an approximate doubling in loudness and would almost
certainly cause an adverse change in community response.
Effects of Noise on People
Hearing Loss. While physical damage to the ear from an intense noise impulse is rare, a degradation of
auditory acuity can occur even within a community noise environment. Hearing loss occurs mainly due to
chronic exposure to excessive noise but may be due to a single event such as an explosion. Natural hearing
loss associated with aging may also be accelerated from chronic exposure to loud noise. The Occupational
Safety and Health Administration has a noise exposure standard that is set at the noise threshold where
hearing loss may occur from long-term exposures. The maximum allowable level is 90 dBA averaged over
8 hours. If the noise is above 90 dBA, the allowable exposure time is correspondingly shorter.
Annoyance. Attitude surveys are used for measuring the annoyance felt in a community for noises
intruding into homes or affecting outdoor activity areas. In these surveys, it was determined that causes
6 Compiled from James P. Cowan, Handbook of Environmental Acoustics, 1994 and Cyril M. Harris, Handbook of Noise Control,
1979.
7 Compiled from California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol ,
September 2013, and FHWA, Noise Fundamentals, 2017.
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for annoyance include interference with speech, radio and television, house vibrations, and interference
with sleep and rest. The Ldn as a measure of noise has been found to provide a valid correlation of noise
level and the percentage of people annoyed. People have been asked to judge the annoyance caused by
aircraft noise and ground transportation noise. There continues to be disagreement about the relative
annoyance of these different sources. A noise level of about 55 dBA Ldn is the threshold at which a
substantial percentage of people begin to report annoyance 8.
2.2 Ground-Borne Vibration
Sources of ground-borne vibrations include natural phenomena (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, sea
waves, landslides, etc.) or man-made causes (explosions, machinery, traffic, trains, construction
equipment, etc.). Vibration sources may be continuous (e.g., factory machinery) or transient (e.g.,
explosions or heavy equipment use during construction). Ground vibration consists of rapidly fluctuating
motions or waves with an average motion of zero. Several different methods are typically used to quantify
vibration amplitude. One is vibration decibels (VdB) (the vibration velocity level in decibel scale). Other
methods are the peak particle velocity (PPV) and the root mean square (RMS) velocity. The PPV is defined
as the maximum instantaneous positive or negative peak of the vibration wave. The RMS velocity is
defined as the average of the squared amplitude of the signal. The PPV and RMS vibration velocity
amplitudes are used to evaluate human response to vibration.
Table 3: Human Reaction and Damage to Buildings for Continuous or Frequent Intermittent Vibrations,
displays the reactions of people and the effects on buildings produced by continuous vibration levels. The
annoyance levels shown in the table should be interpreted with care since vibration may be found to be
annoying at much lower levels than those listed, depending on the level of activity or the sensitivity of the
individual. To sensitive individuals, vibrations approaching the threshold of perception can be annoying.
Low-level vibrations frequently cause irritating secondary vibration, such as a slight rattling of windows,
doors, or stacked dishes. The rattling sound can give rise to exaggerated vibration complaints, even
though there is very little risk of actual structural damage. In high noise environments, which are more
prevalent where ground-borne vibration approaches perceptible levels, this rattling phenomenon may
also be produced by loud airborne environmental noise causing induced vibration in exterior doors and
windows.
Ground vibration can be a concern in instances where buildings shake, and substantial rumblings occur.
However, it is unusual for vibration from typical urban sources such as buses and heavy trucks to be
perceptible. Common sources for ground-borne vibration are planes, trains, and construction activities
such as earth-moving which requires the use of heavy-duty earth moving equipment. For the purposes of
this analysis, a PPV descriptor with units of inches per second (in/sec) is used to evaluate construction-
generated vibration for building damage and human complaints.
8 Federal Interagency Committee on Noise, Federal Agency Review of Selected Airport Noise Analysis Issues, August 1992.
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Table 3: Human Reaction and Damage to Buildings for Continuous or Frequent Intermittent Vibrations
Maximum
PPV (in/sec)
Vibration Annoyance
Potential Criteria
Vibration Damage Potential
Threshold Criteria FTA Vibration Damage Criteria
0.008 -- Extremely fragile historic buildings,
ruins, ancient monuments --
0.01 Barely Perceptible -- --
0.04 Distinctly Perceptible -- --
0.1 Strongly Perceptible Fragile buildings --
0.12 -- -- Buildings extremely susceptible to vibration
damage
0.2 -- -- Non-engineered timber and masonry buildings
0.25 -- Historic and some old buildings --
0.3 -- Older residential structures Engineered concrete and masonry (no plaster)
0.4 Severe -- --
0.5 -- New residential structures, Modern
industrial/commercial buildings Reinforced -concrete, steel or timber (no plaster)
PPV = peak particle velocity; in/sec = inches per second; FTA = Federal Transit Administration
Source: California Department of Transportation, Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance Manual, 2020 and Federal Transit
administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Assessment Manual, 2018.
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3 REGULATORY SETTING
To limit population exposure to physically or psychologically damaging as well as intrusive noise levels,
the Federal government, the State of California, various county governments, and most municipalities in
the state have established standards and ordinances to control noise.
3.1 Federal
Federal Transit Administration Noise and Vibration Guidance
The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has published the Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment
Manual (FTA Transit Noise and Vibration Manual) to provide guidance on procedures for assessing impacts
at different stages of transit project development. The report covers both construction and operational
noise impacts and describes a range of measures for controlling excessive noise and vibration. The report
establishes a threshold of 80 dBA (8-hour Leq) for residential uses and 90 dBA (8-hour Leq) for non-
residential uses to evaluate construction noise impacts.9 In general, the primary concern regarding
vibration relates to potential damage from construction. The guidance document establishes criteria for
evaluating the potential for damage for various structural categories from vibration.
3.2 State of California
California Government Code
California Government Code Section 65302(f) mandates that the legislative body of each county and city
adopt a noise element as part of its comprehensive general plan. The local noise element must recognize
the land use compatibility guidelines established by the State Department of Health Services. The
guidelines rank noise land use compatibility in terms of “normally acceptable”, “conditionally acceptable”,
“normally unacceptable”, and “clearly unacceptable” noise levels for various land use types. Single-family
homes are “normally acceptable” in exterior noise environments up to 60 CNEL and “conditionally
acceptable” up to 70 CNEL. Multiple-family residential uses are “normally acceptable” up to 65 CNEL and
“conditionally acceptable” up to 70 CNEL. Schools, libraries, and churches are “normally acceptable” up
to 70 CNEL, as are office buildings and business, commercial, and professional uses.
Title 24 – Building Code
The State’s noise insulation standards are codified in the California Code of Regulations, Title 24: Part 1,
Building Standards Administrative Code, and Part 2, California Building Code. These noise standards are
applied to new construction in California for interior noise compatibility from exterior noise sources. The
regulations specify that acoustical studies must be prepared when noise-sensitive structures, such as
residential buildings, schools, or hospitals, are located near major transportation noise sources, and
where such noise sources create an exterior noise level of 65 dBA CNEL or higher. Acoustical studies that
accompany building plans must demonstrate that the structure has been designed to limit interior noise
in habitable rooms to acceptable noise levels. For new multi-family residential buildings, the acceptable
interior noise limit for new construction is 45 dBA CNEL.
9 Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, Table 7-2, Page 179,
September 2018.
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3.3 Local
City of Fontana General Plan
Adopted on November 13, 2018, the Fontana Forward General Plan Update 2015-2035 (Fontana General
Plan) identifies noise standards that are used as guidelines to evaluate transportation noise level impacts.
These standards are also used to assess the long-term traffic noise impacts on specific land uses. According
to the Fontana General Plan, land uses such as residences have acceptable exterior noise levels of up to
65 dBA CNEL. Based on the guidelines in the Fontana General Plan, an exterior noise level of 65 dBA CNEL
is generally considered the maximum exterior noise level for sensitive receptors.
Land uses near these significant noise-producers can incorporate buffers and noise control techniques
including setbacks, landscaping, building transitions, site design, and building construction techniques to
reduce the impact of excessive noise. Selection of the appropriate noise control technique would vary
depending on the level of noise that needs to be reduced as well as the location and intended land use.
The City has adopted the Noise and Safety Element as a part of the updated Fontana General Plan. The
Noise and Safety Element specifies the maximum allowable unmitigated exterior noise levels for new
developments impacted by transportation noise sources. Additionally, the Noise and Safety Element
identifies transportation noise policies designed to protect, create, and maintain an environment free of
harmful noise that could impact the health and welfare of sensitive receptors. The following Fontana
General Plan goals, policies, and actions for addressing noise are applicable to the Project:
Goal 8: The City of Fontana protects sensitive land uses from excessive noise by diligent planning
through 2035.
Policy 8.2: Noise-tolerant land uses shall be guided into areas irrevocably committed to
land uses that are noise-producing, such as transportation corridors.
Policy 8.4: Noise spillover or encroachment from commercial, industrial and educational
land uses shall be minimized into adjoining residential neighborhoods or
noise-sensitive uses.
Action C: The State of California Office of Planning and Research General Plan
Guidelines shall be followed with respect to acoustical study requirements.
Goal 9: The City of Fontana provides a diverse and efficiently operated ground transportation
system that generates the minimum feasible noise on its residents through 2035.
Policy 9.1: All noise sections of the State Motor Vehicle Code shall be enforced.
Policy 9.2: Roads shall be maintained such that the paving is in good condition and free
of cracks, bumps, and potholes.
Action A: On-road trucking activities shall continue to be regulated in the City to ensure
noise impacts are minimized, including the implementation of truck-routes
based on traffic studies.
Action B: Development that generates increased traffic and subsequent increases in
the ambient noise level adjacent to noise-sensitive land uses shall provide
appropriate mitigation measures.
Action D: Explore the use of “quiet pavement” materials for street improvements.
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Goal 10: Fontana’s residents are protected from the negative effects of “spillover” noise.
Policy 10.1: Residential land uses and areas identified as noise-sensitive shall be
protected from excessive noise from non-transportation sources including
industrial, commercial, and residential activities and equipment.
Action A: Projects located in commercial areas shall not exceed stationary-source noise
standards at the property line of proximate residential or commercial uses.
Action B: Industrial uses shall not exceed commercial or residential stationary source
noise standards at the most proximate land uses.
Action C: Non-transportation noise shall be considered in land use planning decisions.
Action D: Construction shall be performed as quietly as feasible when performed in
proximity to residential or other noise sensitive land uses.
City of Fontana Municipal Code
Standards established under the City of Fontana Municipal Code (Municipal Code) are used to analyze
noise impacts originating from the Project. Operational noise impacts are typically governed by Fontana
Municipal Code Sections 18-61 through 18-67. Guidelines for non-transportation and stationary noise
source impacts from operations at private properties are found in the Zoning and Development Code in
Chapter 30 of the Fontana Municipal Code. Applicable guidelines indicate that no person shall create or
cause any sound exceeding the City’s stated noise performance standards measured at the property line
of any residentially zoned property. Per Fontana Municipal Code Section 30-543(A), the performance
standards for exterior noise emanating from industrial uses are 70 dBA between the hours of 7:00 a.m.
and 10:00 p.m. and 65 dBA during the noise-sensitive hours of 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. at residential uses.
For this analysis, a 65-dBA nighttime noise level standard is conservatively used to analyze potential noise
impacts at off-site residential receptors within the City of Fontana.
The City has also set restrictions to control noise impacts from construction activities. Section 18-63(b)(7)
states that the erection (including excavation), demolition, alteration, or repair of any structure shall only
occur between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m.
and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays, except in the case of urgent necessity or otherwise approved by the City of
Fontana. Although the Fontana Municipal Code limits the hours of construction, it does not provide
specific noise level performance standards for construction.
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4 EXISTING CONDITIONS
4.1 Existing Noise Sources
The City is impacted by various noise sources. Mobile sources of noise, especially cars, trucks, and trains
are the most common and significant sources of noise. Other noise sources are the various land uses (i.e.,
residential, commercial, institutional, and recreational and parks activities) throughout the City that
generate stationary-source noise.
Mobile Sources
The predominant mobile noise source in the Project area is the traffic noise along Sierra Avenue which is
located directly west of the Project Site. Sierra Lakes Parkway and SR-210 are approximately 0.36-mile
and 0.58-mile to the south of the Project site, respectively.
Stationary Sources
The primary sources of stationary noise in the Project vicinity are those associated with the operations of
adjacent warehouse uses to the north and south of the Project, landfill operations located to the east of
the Project, and residential land uses to the west of the Project. The noise associated with these sources
may represent a single-event noise occurrence or short-term noise. Other noises include mechanical
equipment (e.g., heating ventilation and air conditioning [HVAC] equipment), dogs barking, idling vehicles,
and residents talking.
4.2 Noise Measurements
To quantify existing ambient noise levels in the Project area, Kimley-Horn conducted five short-term noise
measurements on August 24th, 2022; see Appendix A: Noise Data. The noise measurement sites were
representative of typical existing noise exposure within and immediately adjacent to the Project site. The
10-minute measurements were taken between 9:00 a.m. and 11:00 a.m. near potential sensitive
receptors. Short-term Leq measurements are considered representative of the noise levels throughout the
day. The noise levels and sources of noise measured at each location are listed in Table 4: Existing Noise
Measurements.
Table 4: Existing Noise Measurements
Site Location Leq
(dBA)
Lmin
(dBA)
Lmax
(dBA) Time
1 End of cul-de-sac on Camargo Place 65.3 50.1 81.3 9:10 a.m.
2 End of cul-de-sac on Olympic Court 50.5 45.1 58.5 9:30 a.m.
3 End of cul-de-sac on Mango Avenue 67.0 47.6 87.5 9:50 a.m.
4 Southeast corner of Project site along Mango Avenue 65.3 52.6 82.7 10:05 a.m.
5 Past the entrance on Windflower Avenue within Project site 65.3 50.1 81.3 10:23 a.m.
Source: Noise measurements taken by Kimley-Horn, August 24th, 2022. See Appendix A for noise measurement results.
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4.3 Sensitive Receptors
Sensitive populations are more susceptible to the effects of noise pollution than is the general population.
Sensitive receptors that are in proximity to stationary sources of noise and vibration are of particular
concern. Land uses considered sensitive receptors include residences, schools, playgrounds, childcare
centers, long-term health care facilities, rehabilitation centers, convalescent centers, and retirement
homes. Sensitive land uses surrounding the Project consist mostly of single-family residential
communities, a middle school, and a high school. Sensitive land uses nearest to the Project are shown in
Table 5: Sensitive Receptors.
Table 5: Sensitive Receptors
Receptor Description Distance and Direction from the Project
Single-Family Residences 130 feet to the west
Single-Family Residences 1,385 feet to the north
Single-Family Residences 3,440 feet to the south
Wayne Ruble Middle School 4,880 feet to the southwest
A.B. Miller High School 5,000 feet to the southwest
Source: Google Earth, 2022.
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5 SIGNIFICANCE CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY
5.1 CEQA Thresholds
Appendix G of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Guidelines contains analysis guidelines
related to noise impacts. These guidelines have been used by the City to develop thresholds of significance
for this analysis. A project would create a significant environmental impact if it would:
• Generate a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient noise levels in the vicinity of
the project in excess of standards established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or
applicable standards of other agencies;
• Generate excessive ground-borne vibration or ground-borne noise levels; and
• For a project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip or an airport land use plan or, where
such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or public use airport, expose
people residing or working in the Project area to excessive noise levels.
5.2 Methodology
Construction
Construction noise levels were based on typical noise levels generated by construction equipment
published by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and FHWA. Construction noise is assessed in dBA
Leq. This unit is appropriate because Leq can be used to describe noise level from operation of each piece
of equipment separately, and levels can be combined to represent the noise level from all equipment
operating during a given period.
Reference noise levels are used to estimate operational noise levels at nearby sensitive receptors based
on a standard noise attenuation rate of 6 dB per doubling of distance (line-of-sight method of sound
attenuation for point sources of noise). Noise level estimates do not account for the presence of
intervening structures or topography, which may reduce noise levels at receptor locations. Therefore, the
noise levels presented herein represent a conservative, reasonable worst-case estimate of actual
temporary construction noise.
Operations
The analysis of the Opening Year and With Project noise environments is based on noise prediction
modeling and empirical observations. Reference noise level data are used to estimate the Project
operational noise impacts from stationary sources. Noise levels were collected from published sources
from similar types of activities and used to estimate noise levels expected with the Project’s stationary
sources. The reference noise levels are used to represent a worst-case noise environment as noise level
from stationary sources can vary throughout the day. Operational noise is evaluated based on the
standards within the City’s noise standards and General Plan.
Vibration
Ground-borne vibration levels associated with construction activities for the Project were evaluated
utilizing typical ground-borne vibration levels associated with construction equipment, obtained from FTA
published data for construction equipment. Potential ground-borne vibration impacts related to
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building/structure damage and interference with sensitive existing operations were evaluated,
considering the distance from construction activities to nearby land uses and typically applied criteria for
structural damage and human annoyance.
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6 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION
6.1 Acoustical Impacts
Threshold 6.1 Would the Project generate a substantial temporary or permanent increase in ambient
noise levels in the vicinity of the project in excess of standards established in the local
general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies?
Construction
Construction noise typically occurs intermittently and varies depending on the nature or phase of
construction (e.g., land clearing, grading, excavation, paving). Noise generated by construction
equipment, including earth movers, material handlers, and portable generators, can reach high levels.
During construction, exterior noise levels could affect the residential neighborhoods located to the west
of the construction site. Existing residential uses are located approximately 130 feet from the Project
construction area. However, construction activities would occur throughout the Project site and would
not be concentrated at a single point near sensitive receptors.
Construction activities would include demolition, site preparation, grading, building construction, paving,
and architectural coating. Such activities could require concrete/industrial saws, excavators, and dozers
during demolition; dozers and tractors during site preparation; excavators, graders, and dozers during
grading; cranes, forklifts, generators, tractors, and welders during building construction; pavers, rollers,
mixers, and paving equipment during paving; and air compressors during architectural coating. Typical
operating cycles for these types of construction equipment may involve 1 or 2 minutes of full power
operation followed by 3 to 4 minutes at lower power settings. Other primary sources of acoustical
disturbance would be random incidents, which would last less than one minute (such as dropping large
pieces of equipment or the hydraulic movement of machinery lifts). Noise generated by construction
equipment, including earth movers, material handlers, and portable generators, can reach high levels.
Typical noise levels associated with individual construction equipment are listed in Table 6: Typical
Construction Noise Levels.
Table 6: Typical Construction Noise Levels
Equipment Typical Noise Level (dBA)
at 50 feet from Source
Typical Noise Level (dBA)
at 130 feet from Source1
Air Compressor 80 74
Backhoe 80 74
Compactor 82 76
Concrete Mixer 85 79
Concrete Pump 82 76
Concrete Vibrator 76 70
Crane, Derrick 88 82
Crane, Mobile 83 77
Dozer 85 79
Generator 82 76
Grader 85 79
Impact Wrench 85 79
Jack Hammer 88 82
Loader 80 74
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Table 6: Typical Construction Noise Levels
Equipment Typical Noise Level (dBA)
at 50 feet from Source
Typical Noise Level (dBA)
at 130 feet from Source1
Paver 85 79
Pile-driver (Impact) 101 95
Pile-driver (Sonic) 95 89
Pneumatic Tool 85 79
Pump 77 71
Roller 85 79
Saw 76 70
Scraper 85 79
Shovel 82 76
Truck 84 78
1. Calculated using the inverse square law formula for sound attenuation: dBA2 = dBA1+20Log(d1/d2)
Where: dBA2 = estimated noise level at receptor; dBA1 = reference noise level; d1 = reference distance; d2 = receptor location
distance
Source: Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, September 2018.
As shown in Table 6, exterior noise levels could affect the nearest existing sensitive receptors (130 feet to
the west) in the vicinity. Sensitive uses in the Project site vicinity include existing residential uses to the
west, north, and south, Wayne Ruble Middle School to the southwest, and A.B. Miller High School to the
southwest. These sensitive receptors may be exposed to elevated noise levels during Project construction.
Following FTA’s methodology for quantitative construction noise assessments, FHWA’s Roadway
Construction Noise Model (RCNM) was used to predict construction noise. Per the FTA Transit Noise and
Vibration Manual which provides guidance for construction noise analyses, when calculating construction
noise, all construction equipment is assumed to operate simultaneously at the center of the active
construction zone. Under realistic circumstances, equipment would be operating throughout the site
during a workday. Multiple pieces of equipment could not realistically be operating at the same time at
the same point closest to a specific sensitive receptor. Additionally, there may be instances where multiple
types of equipment would not be operated simultaneously. Therefore, assuming the distance between
the center of the Project site and a sensitive receptor would account for average noise levels as
construction equipment move through the Project site and would be a reasonable assumption. Therefore,
the distance used in the RCNM model was approximately 730 from the center of the Project site to the
nearest sensitive receptor (residential uses to the west) where every piece of construction equipment
assumed for each individual phase is assumed to operate simultaneously; refer to Appendix A for RCNM
modeling results.
The noise levels calculated in Table 7: Project Construction Noise Levels, show the exterior construction
noise at the nearest sensitive receptor without accounting for attenuation from existing physical barriers.
Noise generated during the construction, paving, and painting stages, which have the potential to occur
simultaneously, were added together to provide a composite construction noise level. The City of Fontana
does not establish quantitative construction noise standards; therefore, this analysis conservatively uses
the FTA’s threshold of 80 dBA (8-hour Leq) for residential uses to evaluate construction noise impacts.10
As shown in Table 7, construction noise levels would not exceed the applicable FTA construction
thresholds. The highest exterior noise level at the nearest residential receptors would occur during the
10 Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, Table 7-2, Page 179,
September 2018.
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overlap of building construction, paving, and architectural coating stages and would be 67.8 dBA which is
below the FTA’s 80 dBA threshold.
It is noted that construction noise would be acoustically dispersed throughout the Project site and not
concentrated in one area near surrounding sensitive uses. Further, the City’s Municipal Code does not
establish quantitative construction noise standards. Instead, the Municipal Code establishes limited hours
of construction activities. Municipal Code Section 18-63 states that construction activities may only take
place between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and
5:00 p.m. on Saturdays, except in the case of urgent necessity or otherwise approved by the City of
Fontana. All motorized equipment used in such activity shall be equipped with functioning mufflers as
mandated by the state.
Table 7: Project Construction Noise Levels
Construction Phase
Receptor Location Worst Case
Modeled
Exterior Noise
Level (dBA Leq)
Noise
Threshold
(dBA Leq)
Exceeded?
Land Use Distance
(feet)1
Demolition Residential 730 63.2 80 No
Site Preparation Residential 730 64.3 80 No
Grading Residential 730 64.9 80 No
Infrastructure Residential 730 66.1 80 No
Building Construction Residential 730 66.1 80 No
Paving + Architectural Coating Residential 730 63.1 80 No
Building Construction + Paving +
Architectural Coating Residential 730 67.8 80 No
Note:
1. Distance measured from the center of the project site to the receptor’s nearest property line.
Source: Federal Highway Administration, Roadway Construction Noise Model, 2006. Refer to Appendix A for noise modeling results.
Construction activities may also cause increased noise along site access routes due to movement of
equipment and workers. Compliance with the Municipal Code would minimize impacts from construction
noise, as construction would be limited to daytime hours on weekdays and Saturdays.
As discussed above, construction noise levels from the Project would not exceed the FTA’s construction
noise thresholds and would be required to comply with the Municipal Code standards. Therefore, there
is a less than significant noise impact for construction activities.
Operations
Implementation of the proposed project would create new sources of noise in the project vicinity. The
major noise sources associated with the project including the followings:
• Mechanical equipment (i.e., trash compactors, air conditioners, etc.);
• Slow moving trucks on the Project site, approaching and leaving the loading areas;
• Activities at the loading areas (i.e., maneuvering and idling trucks, equipment noise);
• Back-up alarms;
• Parking areas (i.e., car door slamming, car radios, engine start-up, and car pass-by); and
• Off-Site Traffic Noise.
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Mechanical Equipment. The nearest sensitive receptors to the Project site are the residences 130 feet
west of the Project site. Potential stationary noise sources related to long-term operation of the project
site would include mechanical equipment. Mechanical equipment (e.g., heating ventilation and air
conditioning [HVAC] equipment) typically generates noise levels of approximately 52 dBA at 50 feet.11 At
the closest sensitive receptors located approximately 130 feet away, mechanical equipment noise would
attenuate to 43.7 dBA, which is below the City’s 65 dBA standard. Operation of mechanical equipment
would not increase ambient noise levels beyond the acceptable compatible land use noise levels.
Therefore, the proposed Project would result in a less than significant impact related to stationary noise
levels.
Truck and Loading Dock Noise. During loading and unloading activities, noise would be generated by the
trucks’ diesel engines, exhaust systems, and brakes during low gear shifting braking activities; backing up
toward the docks; dropping down the dock ramps; and maneuvering away from the docks. Loading or
unloading activities would occur on the south side of the Project site. Vehicular access to the proposed
Project site would consist of two driveways along Sierra Avenue and one driveway along Mango Avenue
at the west and east side of the Project site respectively. Typically, heavy truck operations generate a
noise level of 64.4 dBA at a distance of 50 feet.12 The closest residences are located approximately 290
feet west of the nearest proposed loading areas. These closest residences would experience truck noise
levels of approximately 49.1 dBA, which is below the City’s acceptable limits of 65 dBA for residential
noise. Additionally, these noise levels would also be further attenuated by the intervening structures.
Loading dock doors would also be surrounded with protective aprons, gaskets, or similar improvements
that, when a trailer is docked, would serve as a noise barrier between the interior warehouse activities
and the exterior loading area. This would attenuate noise emanating from interior activities, and as such,
interior loading and associated activities would be permissible during all hours of the day. Noise levels
associated with trucks and loading or unloading activities would not exceed the City’s standards and
impacts would be less than significant.
Back-Up Alarms. Medium and heavy-duty trucks reversing into loading docks would produce noise from
back-up alarms (also known as back-up beepers). Back-up beepers produce a typical volume of 97 dBA at
one meter from the source.13 The property line of the nearest sensitive receptor would be located
approximately 130 feet west of the project driveway where trucks could be reversing and maneuvering
into the loading area. At this distance, exterior noise levels from back-up beepers would be approximately
64 dBA, which is below the City’s acceptable limits of 65 dBA for residential noise.
Parking Noise. The Project would provide 132 parking stalls, 81 trailer parking stalls, 37 tractor triler stalls,
and 54 loading spaces. Parking stalls would be locate d on the west, south, and east of the proposed
warehouse building near the site perimeter. Nominal parking noise would occur within the on-site parking
facilities. Traffic associated with parking lots is typically not of sufficient volume to exceed community
noise standards, which are based on a time-averaged scale such as the CNEL scale. The instantaneous
maximum sound levels generated by a car door slamming, engine starting up, and car pass-bys range from
11 Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden, Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with Over 1700 Measurement
Values, July 6, 2010.
12 Loading dock reference noise level measurements conducted by Kimley-Horn on December 18, 2018 at the La Palma
Neighborhood Walmart, approximately 50 feet from the Walmart loading dock area. Loading dock activities included
trucks arriving at the docks, backing up, and loading/unloading using palette jacks.
13 Environmental Health Perspectives, Vehicle Motion Alarms: Necessity, Noise Pollution, or Both?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018517/, accessed September 2022.
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53 to 61 dBA 14 at 50 feet and may be an annoyance to adjacent noise-sensitive receptors. Conversations
in parking areas may also be an annoyance to nearby sensitive receptors. Sound levels of speech typically
range from 33 dBA at 50 feet for normal speech to 50 dBA at 50 feet for very loud speech.15 It should be
noted that parking lot noises are instantaneous noise levels compared to noise standards in the hourly Leq
metric, which are averaged over the entire duration of a time period.
Parking lot noise would occur within the surface parking lot on-site and would be up to 52.7 dBA at the
nearest sensitive receptors located approximately 130 feet away which is below the City’s 65 dBA
residential standard. Parking lot noise also currently occurs at the adjacent properties under existing
conditions. Parking lot noise would be consistent with the existing noise in the vicinity and would be
partially masked by background noise from traffic along Sierra Avenue. Noise associated with parking lot
activities is not anticipated to exceed the City’s noise standards during operation. Therefore, noise impacts
from parking lots would be less than significant.
Off-Site Traffic Noise. Implementation of the Project would generate increased traffic volumes along
nearby roadway segments. According to the Trip Generation Assessment and Traffic Scoping prepared by
Kimley Horn (August 16, 2022), the proposed Project would generate 681 daily trips that would result in
noise increases on Project area roadways. In general, a traffic noise increase of less than 3 dBA is barely
perceptible to people, while a 5-dBA increase is readily noticeable.16 Generally, traffic volumes on Project
area roadways would have to approximately double for the resulting traffic noise levels to increase by 3
dBA. Therefore, permanent increases in ambient noise levels of less than 3 dBA are considered to be less
than significant.
Traffic noise levels for roadways primarily affected by the Project were calculated using the FHWA’s
Highway Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108). Traffic noise modeling was conducted for conditions
with and without the Project, based on traffic volumes from the Traffic Impact Analysis. As indicated in
Table 8: Existing and Project Traffic Noise Levels, Existing Plus Project traffic-generated noise levels on
Project area roadways would range between 66.2 dBA CNEL and 73.3 dBA CNEL at 100 feet from the
roadway centerline, and the Project would result in a maximum increase of 0.1 dBA CNEL along Sierra
Lakes Parkway and Sierra Avenue.
14 Kariel, H. G., Noise in Rural Recreational Environments, Canadian Acoustics 19(5), 3-10, 1991.
15 Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden, Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with Over 1700 Measurement
Values, 2015.
16 Federal Highway Administration, Highway Traffic Noise Analysis and Abatement Policy and Guidance, Noise Fundamentals,
https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environMent/noise/regulations_and_guidance/polguide/polguide02.cfm, accessed March 11,
2020.
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Table 8: Existing and Project Traffic Noise Levels
Roadway Segment Existing Existing Plus Project Project Change from
Existing Conditions
Significant
Impact? ADT1 dBA CNEL2 ADT dBA CNEL2
Sierra Avenue
North of Summit Ave 11,600 68.4 11,736 68.5 0.1 No
Between Summit Ave and parcel 19,000 70.6 19,306 70.7 0.1 No
Between parcel and Clubhouse Dr 19,000 70.6 19,306 70.7 0.1 No
Between Clubhouse Dr and Sierra
Lakes Parkway 18,900 70.6 19,036 70.6 0.0 No
South of Sierra Lakes Pkwy 34,700 73.3 35,108 73.3 0.0 No
Sierra Lakes Parkway
West of Sierra Ave 16,000 69.8 16,408 69.9 0.1 No
Between Sierra Ave and Mango Ave 16,000 69.8 16,408 69.9 0.1 No
Summit Avenue
West of Sierra Ave 6,900 66.2 6,934 66.2 0.0 No
ADT = average daily trips; dBA = A-weighted decibels; CNEL= Community Equivalent Noise Level
1. Existing ADT from City of Fontana General Plan Update 2015-2035 Draft EIR, Future 5.13-3 Existing (2017) ADT Volumes
2. Traffic noise levels are at 100 feet from the roadway centerline.
Source: Based on traffic data provided by Kimley-Horn and Associates, Inc., 2022. Refer to Appendix A for traffic noise modeling results.
Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.
Level of Significance: Less than significant impact.
Threshold 6.2 Would the Project generate excessive ground-borne vibration or ground-borne noise
levels?
Increases in ground-borne vibration levels attributable to the proposed Project would be primarily
associated with short-term construction-related activities. Construction on the Project site would have
the potential to result in varying degrees of temporary ground-borne vibration, depending on the specific
construction equipment used and the operations involved.
The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) has published standard vibration velocities for construction
equipment operations in their 2018 Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual. The types of
construction vibration impacts include human annoyance and building damage. In general, the FTA
architectural damage criterion for continuous vibrations (i.e., 0.2 in/sec) appears to be conservative. The
types of construction vibration impacts include human annoyance and building damage. Human
annoyance occurs when construction vibration rises significantly above the threshold of human
perception for extended periods of time (80 VdB annoyance threshold). Building damage can be cosmetic
or structural. Ordinary buildings that are not particularly fragile would not experience any cosmetic
damage (e.g., plaster cracks) at distances beyond 30 feet. This distance can vary substantially depending
on the soil composition and underground geological layer between vibration source and receiver. In
addition, not all buildings respond similarly to vibration generated by construction equipment. For
example, for a building that is constructed with reinforced concrete with no plaster, the FTA guidelines
show that a vibration level of up to 0.20 in/sec is considered safe and would not result in any construction
vibration damage.
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Table 9: Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Levels, lists vibration levels at 25 feet and 130 feet for
typical construction equipment. Ground-borne vibration generated by construction equipment spreads
through the ground and diminishes in magnitude with increases in distance. As indicated in Table 9, based
on FTA data, vibration velocities from typical heavy construction equipment operations that would be
used during Project construction range from 0.0003 to 0.0075 in/sec PPV at 130 feet from the source of
activity (the distance from active construction zone to the nearest residential uses to the west), which is
below the FTA’s 0.20 PPV threshold.
Table 9: Typical Construction Equipment Vibration Levels
Equipment
Peak Particle
Velocity
at 25 Feet (in/sec)
Peak Particle
Velocity
at 130 Feet
(in/sec)1
Approximate VdB
at 25 Feet
Approximate VdB
at 130 Feet2
Large Bulldozer 0.089 0.0075 87 66
Caisson Drilling 0.089 0.0075 87 66
Loaded Trucks 0.076 0.0064 86 65
Jackhammer 0.035 0.0030 79 58
Small Bulldozer/Tractors 0.003 0.0003 58 37
1. Calculated using the following formula: PPVequip = PPVref x (25/D)1.5, where: PPVequip = the peak particle velocity in in/sec of
the equipment adjusted for the distance; PPVref = the reference vibration level in in/sec from Table 7-4 of the Federal Transit
Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, 2018; D = the distance from the equipment to the
receiver.
2. Calculated using the following formula: Lv(D) = Lv(25 feet) - (30 x log10(D/25 feet)) per the FTA Transit Noise and Vibration
Impact Assessment Manual (2018).
Source: Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, 2018.
In addition, construction VdB levels would be 66 VdB at 130 feet and would not exceed the FTA’s 80 VdB
annoyance threshold; see Table 9. It is also acknowledged that construction activities would occur
throughout the Project site and would not be concentrated at the point closest to the nearest residential
structure(s). Therefore, vibration impacts associated with the Project construction would be less than
significant.
Once operational, the Project would not be a significant source of ground-borne vibration. Ground-borne
vibration surrounding the Project currently result from heavy-duty vehicular travel (e.g., refuse trucks,
heavy duty trucks, delivery trucks, and transit buses) on the nearby local roadways. Operations of the
proposed Project would include truck deliveries. Due to the rapid drop-off rate of ground-borne vibration
and the short duration of the associated events, vehicular traffic-induced ground-borne vibration is rarely
perceptible beyond the roadway right-of-way, and rarely results in vibration levels that cause damage to
buildings in the vicinity. According to the FTA’s Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment, trucks
rarely create vibration levels that exceed 70 VdB (equivalent to 0.012 inches per second PPV) when they
are on roadways. Therefore, trucks operating at the Project site or along surrounding roadways would not
exceed FTA thresholds for building damage or annoyance. Impacts would be less than significant in this
regard.
Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.
Level of Significance: Less than significant impact.
City of Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
Acoustical Assessment
May 2023
Page | 28
Threshold 6.3 For a Project located within the vicinity of a private airstrip or an airport land use plan
or, where such a plan has not been adopted, within two miles of a public airport or
public use airport, would the Project expose people residing or working in the Project
area to excessive noise levels?
The nearest airport to the Project site is the Ontario International Airport located approximately 10.2
miles to the southwest. The Project is not within 2.0 miles of a public airport or within an airport land use
plan. Additionally, there are no private airstrips located within the Project vicinity. Therefore, the Project
would not expose people residing or working in the Project area to excessive airport- or airstrip-related
noise levels and no mitigation is required.
Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.
Level of Significance: Less than significant impact.
6.2 Cumulative Noise Impacts
Cumulative Construction Noise
The Project’s construction activities would not result in a substantial temporary increase in ambient noise
levels. Construction noise would be periodic and temporary noise impacts that would cease upon
completion of construction activities. The Project would contribute to other proximate construction
project noise impacts if construction activities were conducted concurrently. However, based on the noise
analysis above, the Project’s construction-related noise impacts would be less than significant following
the City of Fontana Municipal Code.
Construction activities at other planned and approved projects near the Project site would be required to
comply with applicable City rules related to noise and would take place during daytime hours on the days
permitted by the applicable Municipal Code, and projects requiring discretionary City approvals would be
required to evaluate construction noise impacts, comply with the City’s standard conditions of approval,
and implement mitigation, if necessary, to minimize noise impacts. Construction noise impacts are by
nature localized. Based on the fact that noise dissipates as it travels away from its source, noise impacts
would be limited to the Project site and vicinity. Therefore, Project construction would not result in a
cumulatively considerable contribution to significant cumulative impacts, assuming such a cumulative
impact existed, and impacts in this regard are not cumulatively considerable.
Cumulative Operational Noise
Cumulative Off-Site Traffic Noise. Cumulative noise impacts describe how much noise levels are projected
to increase over existing conditions with the development of the Project and other foreseeable projects.
Cumulative noise impacts generally occur as a result of increased traffic on local roadways due to buildout
of the Project and other projects in the vicinity. A project’s contribution to a cumulative traffic noise
increase would be considered significant when the combined effect exceeds the perception level (i.e.,
auditory level increase) threshold. The following criteria is used to evaluate the combined and incremental
effects of the cumulative noise increase.
• Combined Effect. The cumulative with Project noise level would cause a significant cumulative
impact if a 3.0 dB increase over Existing conditions occurs and the resulting noise level exceeds
the applicable exterior standard at a sensitive use. Although there may be a significant noise
City of Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
Acoustical Assessment
May 2023
Page | 29
increase due to a project in combination with other related projects (combined effects), it must
also be demonstrated that the project has an incremental effect. In other words, a significant
portion of the noise increase must be due to the project.
• Incremental Effects. The cumulative plus project noise level causes a 1.0 dBA increase in noise
over cumulative noise levels without a project.
A significant impact would result only if the combined and incremental effects criteria have been
exceeded. Noise by definition is a localized phenomenon and reduces as distance from the source
increases. Consequently, only the Project and growth due to occur in the general area would contribute
to cumulative noise impacts.
The proposed Project is projected to result in 287 net new daily vehicular trips and would result in a
minimal traffic noise increase (max increase of 0.1 dBA) along local roadways over existing conditions as
shown in Table 8. The already minimal increase in traffic noise attributable to the proposed Project when
compared to existing conditions would be even lower with consideration of additional trips from future
development on cumulative development sites. The Project would not result in significant traffic noise
impacts. Therefore, the Project’s contribution to cumulative increases in traffic noise would not be
cumulatively considerable.
Cumulative Stationary Noise. Stationary noise sources of the proposed Project would result in an
incremental increase in non-transportation noise sources in the Project vicinity. However, as discussed
above, operational noise caused by the proposed Project would be less than significant. Similar to the
proposed Project, other planned and approved projects would be required to mitigate for stationary noise
impacts at nearby sensitive receptors, if necessary. As stationary noise sources are generally localized,
there is a limited potential for other projects to contribute to cumulative noise impacts.
No known past, present, or reasonably foreseeable projects would combine with the operational noise
levels generated by the Project to increase noise levels above acceptable standards because each project
must comply with applicable City regulations that limit operational noise. Therefore, the Project, together
with other projects, would not create a significant cumulative impact, and even if there was such a
significant cumulative impact, the Project would not make a cumulatively considerable contribution to
significant cumulative operational noises.
Given that noise dissipates as it travels away from its source, operational noise impacts from on-site
activities and other stationary sources would be limited to the Project site and vicinity. Thus, cumulative
operational noise impacts from related projects, in conjunction with Project specific noise impacts, would
not be cumulatively significant.
Mitigation Measures: No mitigation is required.
Level of Significance: Less than significant impact.
City of Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
Acoustical Assessment
May 2023
Page | 30
7 REFERENCES
1. California Department of Transportation, California Vehicle Noise Emission Levels, 1987.
2. California Department of Transportation, Traffic Noise Analysis Protocol, 2011.
3. California Department of Transportation, Technical Noise Supplement to the Traffic Noise Analysis
Protocol, 2013.
4. California Department of Transportation, Transportation Related Earthborne Vibrations, 2002.
5. California Department of Transportation, Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance
Manual, 2013.
6. California Department of Transportation, Transportation and Construction Vibration Guidance
Manual, 2020
7. City of Fontana, General Plan, 2018.
8. City of Fontana, Municipal Code, 2018.
9. Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden, Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with
Over 1700 Measurement Values, July 6, 2010
10. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vehicle Motion Alarms: Necessity, Noise Pollution, or Both?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018517/, accessed September 2022.
11. Federal Highway Administration, Noise Fundamentals, 2017.
12. Federal Highway Administration, Roadway Construction Noise Model, 2006.
13. Federal Highway Administration, Roadway Construction Noise Model User’s Guide Final Report, 2006.
14. Federal Interagency Committee on Noise, Federal Agency Review of Selected Airport Noise Analysis
Issues, 1992.
15. Federal Transit Administration, Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual, 2018.
16. James P. Cowan, Handbook of Environmental Acoustics, 1994
17. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Protective Noise Levels (EPA 550/9-79-100), 1979.
Appendix A
NOISE DATA
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195170026
Site No.: Date:8/24/2022
Analyst: Time:9:10 - 9:20 AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Comments:
Results (dBA):
Leq:Lmin:Lmax:Peak:
Measurement 1:53.3 45.0 60.5 84.5
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):80
Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):< 5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:29.84 inHg
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:52%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
ST-1
Kiera Pascua and Steven Yu
End of cul-de-sac on Camargo Place
Distant traffic, birds
Summary
File Name on Meter FONT.001.s
File Name on PC
Serial Number 0007061
Model SoundExpert® LxT
Firmware Version 2.404
User
Location
Job Description
Note
Measurement
Description
Start 2022-08-24 09:10:52
Stop 2022-08-24 09:20:52
Duration 00:10:00.0
Run Time 00:10:00.0
Pause 00:00:00.0
Pre-Calibration 2022-08-23 17:05:18
Post-Calibration None
Calibration Deviation ---
Overall Settings
RMS Weight A Weighting
Peak Weight A Weighting
Detector Slow
Preamplifier PRMLxT1L
Microphone Correction FF:90 2116
Integration Method Linear
OBA Range Normal
OBA Bandwidth 1/1 and 1/3
OBA Frequency Weighting A Weighting
OBA Max Spectrum At LMax
Overload 122.6 dB
A C Z
Under Range Peak 79.2 76.2 81.2 dB
Under Range Limit 24.3 25.3 31.5 dB
Noise Floor 15.1 16.2 22.4 dB
First Second Third
Instrument Identification Kimley-Horn and Associates1100 W. Town&Country Rd, #700 Orange, CA 92868
LxTse_0007061-20220824 091052-FONT.001.ldbin
Results
LAeq 53.3 dB
LAE 81.1 dB
EA 14.253 µPa²h
LApeak (max)2022-08-24 09:11:19 84.5 dB
LASmax 2022-08-24 09:11:19 60.5 dB
LASmin 2022-08-24 09:11:14 45.0 dB
SEA -99.9 dB
Exceedance Counts
LAS > 85.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0.0 s
Community Noise Ldn LDay 07:00-22:00 LNight 22:00-07:00 Lden LDay 07:00-19:00 LEvening 19:00-22:00
53.3 53.3 -99.9 53.3 53.3 -99.9
LCeq 72.8 dB
LAeq 53.3 dB
LCeq - LAeq 19.5 dB
LAIeq 55.2 dB
LAeq 53.3 dB
LAIeq - LAeq 1.9 dB
dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp
Leq 53.3 72.8
LS(max)60.5 2022/08/24 9:11:19
LS(min)45.0 2022/08/24 9:11:14
LPeak(max)84.5 2022/08/24 9:11:19
Overload Count 0
Overload Duration 0.0 s
OBA Overload Count 0
OBA Overload Duration 0.0 s
Statistics
LA 5.00 57.1 dB
LA 10.00 55.6 dB
LA 33.30 53.4 dB
LA 50.00 52.2 dB
LA 66.60 51.3 dB
LA 90.00 50.3 dB
Calibration History
Preamp Date dB re. 1V/Pa 6.3 8.0 10.0
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-23 17:05:17 -28.86 72.23 67.38 52.44
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-17 11:26:02 -28.89 65.51 67.15 63.95
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-16 15:37:51 -28.74 42.60 61.02 61.06
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-09 16:00:21 -28.86 51.28 58.57 50.94
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-03 10:37:30 -28.67 77.56 66.31 69.99
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-02 14:52:32 -29.25 63.71 67.15 67.78
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:29:48 -28.66 66.62 59.22 92.15
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:13:44 -28.62 27.52 36.01 53.09
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 16:22:40 -28.86 56.89 60.40 57.01
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 15:57:58 -28.79 50.34 59.71 53.18
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-13 14:24:01 -28.77 53.68 50.25 47.40
A C Z
Duration
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195170026
Site No.: Date:8/24/2022
Analyst: Time:9:31 - 9:41 AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Comments:
Results (dBA):
Leq:Lmin:Lmax:Peak:
Measurement 1:50.5 45.1 58.5 78.5
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):82
Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):< 5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:29.84 inHg
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:49%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
ST-2
Kiera Pascua and Steven Yu
End of cul-de-sac on Olympic Court
Landscaping (lawn mowers), distant traffic, birds
Summary
File Name on Meter FONT.002.s
File Name on PC
Serial Number 0007061
Model SoundExpert® LxT
Firmware Version 2.404
User
Location
Job Description
Note
Measurement
Description
Start 2022-08-24 09:31:13
Stop 2022-08-24 09:41:13
Duration 00:10:00.0
Run Time 00:10:00.0
Pause 00:00:00.0
Pre-Calibration 2022-08-23 17:05:17
Post-Calibration None
Calibration Deviation ---
Overall Settings
RMS Weight A Weighting
Peak Weight A Weighting
Detector Slow
Preamplifier PRMLxT1L
Microphone Correction FF:90 2116
Integration Method Linear
OBA Range Normal
OBA Bandwidth 1/1 and 1/3
OBA Frequency Weighting A Weighting
OBA Max Spectrum At LMax
Overload 122.6 dB
A C Z
Under Range Peak 79.2 76.2 81.2 dB
Under Range Limit 24.3 25.3 31.5 dB
Noise Floor 15.1 16.2 22.4 dB
First Second Third
Instrument Identification Kimley-Horn and Associates1100 W. Town&Country Rd, #700 Orange, CA 92868
LxTse_0007061-20220824 093113-FONT.002.ldbin
Results
LAeq 50.5 dB
LAE 78.3 dB
EA 7.480 µPa²h
LApeak (max)2022-08-24 09:36:38 78.5 dB
LASmax 2022-08-24 09:35:08 58.5 dB
LASmin 2022-08-24 09:31:13 45.1 dB
SEA -99.9 dB
Exceedance Counts
LAS > 85.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0.0 s
Community Noise Ldn LDay 07:00-22:00 LNight 22:00-07:00 Lden LDay 07:00-19:00 LEvening 19:00-22:00
50.5 50.5 -99.9 50.5 50.5 -99.9
LCeq 62.9 dB
LAeq 50.5 dB
LCeq - LAeq 12.4 dB
LAIeq 51.6 dB
LAeq 50.5 dB
LAIeq - LAeq 1.1 dB
dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp
Leq 50.5 62.9
LS(max)58.5 2022/08/24 9:35:08
LS(min)45.1 2022/08/24 9:31:13
LPeak(max)78.5 2022/08/24 9:36:38
Overload Count 0
Overload Duration 0.0 s
OBA Overload Count 0
OBA Overload Duration 0.0 s
Statistics
LA 5.00 53.2 dB
LA 10.00 52.1 dB
LA 33.30 50.6 dB
LA 50.00 50.0 dB
LA 66.60 49.3 dB
LA 90.00 48.2 dB
Calibration History
Preamp Date dB re. 1V/Pa 6.3 8.0 10.0
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-23 17:05:17 -28.86 72.23 67.38 52.44
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-17 11:26:02 -28.89 65.51 67.15 63.95
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-16 15:37:51 -28.74 42.60 61.02 61.06
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-09 16:00:21 -28.86 51.28 58.57 50.94
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-03 10:37:30 -28.67 77.56 66.31 69.99
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-02 14:52:32 -29.25 63.71 67.15 67.78
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:29:48 -28.66 66.62 59.22 92.15
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:13:44 -28.62 27.52 36.01 53.09
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 16:22:40 -28.86 56.89 60.40 57.01
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 15:57:58 -28.79 50.34 59.71 53.18
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-13 14:24:01 -28.77 53.68 50.25 47.40
Duration
A C Z
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195170026
Site No.: Date:8/24/2022
Analyst: Time:9:50 - 10:00 AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Comments:
Results (dBA):
Leq:Lmin:Lmax:Peak:
Measurement 1:67.0 47.6 87.5 107.2
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):83
Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):< 5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:29.84 inHg
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:47%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
ST-3
Kiera Pascua and Steven Yu
End of cul-de-sac on Mange Avenue
Loud trucks, industrial construction noises, cars revving engines
Summary
File Name on Meter FONT.003.s
File Name on PC
Serial Number 0007061
Model SoundExpert® LxT
Firmware Version 2.404
User
Location
Job Description
Note
Measurement
Description
Start 2022-08-24 09:50:05
Stop 2022-08-24 10:00:05
Duration 00:10:00.0
Run Time 00:10:00.0
Pause 00:00:00.0
Pre-Calibration 2022-08-23 17:05:17
Post-Calibration None
Calibration Deviation ---
Overall Settings
RMS Weight A Weighting
Peak Weight A Weighting
Detector Slow
Preamplifier PRMLxT1L
Microphone Correction FF:90 2116
Integration Method Linear
OBA Range Normal
OBA Bandwidth 1/1 and 1/3
OBA Frequency Weighting A Weighting
OBA Max Spectrum At LMax
Overload 122.6 dB
A C Z
Under Range Peak 79.2 76.2 81.2 dB
Under Range Limit 24.3 25.3 31.5 dB
Noise Floor 15.1 16.2 22.4 dB
First Second Third
Instrument Identification Kimley-Horn and Associates1100 W. Town&Country Rd, #700 Orange, CA 92868
LxTse_0007061-20220824 095005-FONT.003.ldbin
Results
LAeq 67.0 dB
LAE 94.8 dB
EA 334.125 µPa²h
LApeak (max)2022-08-24 09:52:54 107.2 dB
LASmax 2022-08-24 09:52:54 87.5 dB
LASmin 2022-08-24 09:54:40 47.6 dB
SEA -99.9 dB
Exceedance Counts
LAS > 85.0 dB 1 1.7 s
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0.0 s
Community Noise Ldn LDay 07:00-22:00 LNight 22:00-07:00 Lden LDay 07:00-19:00 LEvening 19:00-22:00
67.0 67.0 -99.9 67.0 67.0 -99.9
LCeq 74.4 dB
LAeq 67.0 dB
LCeq - LAeq 7.4 dB
LAIeq 70.2 dB
LAeq 67.0 dB
LAIeq - LAeq 3.2 dB
dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp
Leq 67.0 74.4
LS(max)87.5 2022/08/24 9:52:54
LS(min)47.6 2022/08/24 9:54:40
LPeak(max)107.2 2022/08/24 9:52:54
Overload Count 0
Overload Duration 0.0 s
OBA Overload Count 0
OBA Overload Duration 0.0 s
Statistics
LA 5.00 71.4 dB
LA 10.00 66.4 dB
LA 33.30 56.5 dB
LA 50.00 55.8 dB
LA 66.60 55.6 dB
LA 90.00 52.3 dB
Calibration History
Preamp Date dB re. 1V/Pa 6.3 8.0 10.0
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-23 17:05:17 -28.86 72.23 67.38 52.44
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-17 11:26:02 -28.89 65.51 67.15 63.95
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-16 15:37:51 -28.74 42.60 61.02 61.06
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-09 16:00:21 -28.86 51.28 58.57 50.94
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-03 10:37:30 -28.67 77.56 66.31 69.99
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-02 14:52:32 -29.25 63.71 67.15 67.78
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:29:48 -28.66 66.62 59.22 92.15
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:13:44 -28.62 27.52 36.01 53.09
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 16:22:40 -28.86 56.89 60.40 57.01
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 15:57:58 -28.79 50.34 59.71 53.18
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-13 14:24:01 -28.77 53.68 50.25 47.40
Duration
A C Z
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195170026
Site No.: Date:8/24/2022
Analyst: Time:10:05 - 10:15 AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Comments:
Results (dBA):
Leq:Lmin:Lmax:Peak:
Measurement 1:65.3 52.6 82.7 94.6
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):84
Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):< 5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:29.84
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:48%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
ST-4
Kiera Pascua and Steven Yu
Southeast corner of project site along Mango Avenue
Delivery trucks
Summary
File Name on Meter FONT.004.s
File Name on PC
Serial Number 0007061
Model SoundExpert® LxT
Firmware Version 2.404
User
Location
Job Description
Note
Measurement
Description
Start 2022-08-24 10:05:14
Stop 2022-08-24 10:15:14
Duration 00:10:00.0
Run Time 00:10:00.0
Pause 00:00:00.0
Pre-Calibration 2022-08-23 17:05:17
Post-Calibration None
Calibration Deviation ---
Overall Settings
RMS Weight A Weighting
Peak Weight A Weighting
Detector Slow
Preamplifier PRMLxT1L
Microphone Correction FF:90 2116
Integration Method Linear
OBA Range Normal
OBA Bandwidth 1/1 and 1/3
OBA Frequency Weighting A Weighting
OBA Max Spectrum At LMax
Overload 122.6 dB
A C Z
Under Range Peak 79.2 76.2 81.2 dB
Under Range Limit 24.3 25.3 31.5 dB
Noise Floor 15.1 16.2 22.4 dB
First Second Third
Instrument Identification Kimley-Horn and Associates1100 W. Town&Country Rd, #700 Orange, CA 92868
LxTse_0007061-20220824 100514-FONT.004.ldbin
Results
LAeq 65.3 dB
LAE 93.1 dB
EA 225.896 µPa²h
LApeak (max)2022-08-24 10:11:45 94.6 dB
LASmax 2022-08-24 10:11:45 82.7 dB
LASmin 2022-08-24 10:05:14 52.6 dB
SEA -99.9 dB
Exceedance Counts
LAS > 85.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0.0 s
Community Noise Ldn LDay 07:00-22:00 LNight 22:00-07:00 Lden LDay 07:00-19:00 LEvening 19:00-22:00
65.3 65.3 -99.9 65.3 65.3 -99.9
LCeq 76.3 dB
LAeq 65.3 dB
LCeq - LAeq 11.0 dB
LAIeq 67.6 dB
LAeq 65.3 dB
LAIeq - LAeq 2.3 dB
dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp
Leq 65.3 76.3
LS(max)82.7 2022/08/24 10:11:45
LS(min)52.6 2022/08/24 10:05:14
LPeak(max)94.6 2022/08/24 10:11:45
Overload Count 0
Overload Duration 0.0 s
OBA Overload Count 0
OBA Overload Duration 0.0 s
Statistics
LA 5.00 72.4 dB
LA 10.00 67.6 dB
LA 33.30 57.8 dB
LA 50.00 56.2 dB
LA 66.60 55.2 dB
LA 90.00 54.5 dB
Calibration History
Preamp Date dB re. 1V/Pa 6.3 8.0 10.0
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-23 17:05:17 -28.86 72.23 67.38 52.44
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-17 11:26:02 -28.89 65.51 67.15 63.95
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-16 15:37:51 -28.74 42.60 61.02 61.06
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-09 16:00:21 -28.86 51.28 58.57 50.94
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-03 10:37:30 -28.67 77.56 66.31 69.99
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-02 14:52:32 -29.25 63.71 67.15 67.78
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:29:48 -28.66 66.62 59.22 92.15
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:13:44 -28.62 27.52 36.01 53.09
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 16:22:40 -28.86 56.89 60.40 57.01
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 15:57:58 -28.79 50.34 59.71 53.18
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-13 14:24:01 -28.77 53.68 50.25 47.40
Duration
A C Z
Noise Measurement Field Data
Project: Job Number:195170026
Site No.: Date:8/24/2022
Analyst: Time:10:23 - 10:33 AM
Location:
Noise Sources:
Comments:
Results (dBA):
Leq:Lmin:Lmax:Peak:
Measurement 1:65.3 50.1 81.3 94.5
Sound Level Meter:LD SoundExpert LxT Temp. (degrees F):84
Calibrator:CAL200 Wind (mph):5
Response Time:Slow Sky:Clear
Weighting:A Bar. Pressure:29.84 inHg
Microphone Height:5 feet Humidity:46%
Photo:
Equipment Weather
Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
ST-5
Kiera Pascua and Steven Yu
Past the entrance on Windflower Avenue, within project site
Street traffic, loud trucks
Summary
File Name on Meter FONT.005.s
File Name on PC
Serial Number 0007061
Model SoundExpert® LxT
Firmware Version 2.404
User
Location
Job Description
Note
Measurement
Description
Start 2022-08-24 10:23:26
Stop 2022-08-24 10:33:26
Duration 00:10:00.0
Run Time 00:10:00.0
Pause 00:00:00.0
Pre-Calibration 2022-08-23 17:05:17
Post-Calibration None
Calibration Deviation ---
Overall Settings
RMS Weight A Weighting
Peak Weight A Weighting
Detector Slow
Preamplifier PRMLxT1L
Microphone Correction FF:90 2116
Integration Method Linear
OBA Range Normal
OBA Bandwidth 1/1 and 1/3
OBA Frequency Weighting A Weighting
OBA Max Spectrum At LMax
Overload 122.6 dB
A C Z
Under Range Peak 79.2 76.2 81.2 dB
Under Range Limit 24.3 25.3 31.5 dB
Noise Floor 15.1 16.2 22.4 dB
First Second Third
Instrument Identification Kimley-Horn and Associates1100 W. Town&Country Rd, #700 Orange, CA 92868
Results
LAeq 65.3 dB
LAE 93.1 dB
EA 225.896 µPa²h
LxTse_0007061-20220824 102326-FONT.005.ldbin
LApeak (max)2022-08-24 10:29:39 94.5 dB
LASmax 2022-08-24 10:29:39 81.3 dB
LASmin 2022-08-24 10:31:24 50.1 dB
SEA -99.9 dB
Exceedance Counts
LAS > 85.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LAS > 115.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 135.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 137.0 dB 0 0.0 s
LApeak > 140.0 dB 0 0.0 s
Community Noise Ldn LDay 07:00-22:00 LNight 22:00-07:00 Lden LDay 07:00-19:00 LEvening 19:00-22:00
65.3 65.3 -99.9 65.3 65.3 -99.9
LCeq 75.5 dB
LAeq 65.3 dB
LCeq - LAeq 10.2 dB
LAIeq 67.0 dB
LAeq 65.3 dB
LAIeq - LAeq 1.7 dB
dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp dB Time Stamp
Leq 65.3 75.5
LS(max)81.3 2022/08/24 10:29:39
LS(min)50.1 2022/08/24 10:31:24
LPeak(max)94.5 2022/08/24 10:29:39
Overload Count 0
Overload Duration 0.0 s
OBA Overload Count 0
OBA Overload Duration 0.0 s
Statistics
LA 5.00 70.1 dB
LA 10.00 68.1 dB
LA 33.30 63.7 dB
LA 50.00 60.9 dB
LA 66.60 58.1 dB
LA 90.00 54.3 dB
Calibration History
Preamp Date dB re. 1V/Pa 6.3 8.0 10.0
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-23 17:05:17 -28.86 72.23 67.38 52.44
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-17 11:26:02 -28.89 65.51 67.15 63.95
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-16 15:37:51 -28.74 42.60 61.02 61.06
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-09 16:00:21 -28.86 51.28 58.57 50.94
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-03 10:37:30 -28.67 77.56 66.31 69.99
PRMLxT1L 2022-08-02 14:52:32 -29.25 63.71 67.15 67.78
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:29:48 -28.66 66.62 59.22 92.15
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-27 11:13:44 -28.62 27.52 36.01 53.09
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 16:22:40 -28.86 56.89 60.40 57.01
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-26 15:57:58 -28.79 50.34 59.71 53.18
PRMLxT1L 2022-07-13 14:24:01 -28.77 53.68 50.25 47.40
Duration
A C Z
Project:Fontana Sierra Distribution Center
Construction Noise Impact on Sensitive Receptors
Parameters
Construction Hours:Daytime hours (7 am to 7 pm)8
Evening hours (7 pm to 10 pm)0
Nighttime hours (10 pm to 7 am)0
Leq to L10 factor 3
Receptor (Land Use)
Distance
(feet)Shielding Direction
1 Residential (West)730 0 W
RECEPTOR 1
Construction Phase Equipment Type
No. of
Equip.
Acoustica
l Usage
Factor
Reference
Noise Level
at 50ft per
Unit, Lmax
Noise Level
at Receptor
1, Lmax
Noise Level
at Receptor
1, Leq
Demolition
Concrete Saw 1 20%90 66.3 59.3
Excavator 3 40%81 62.2 58.2
Dozer 2 40%82 61.4 57.4
Combined LEQ 63.2
Site Preparation
Dozer 3 40%82 63.2 59.2
Tractor 4 40%84 66.7 62.8
Combined LEQ 64.3
Grading
Excavator 2 40%81 60.4 56.4
Grader 1 40%85 61.7 57.7
Dozer 1 40%82 58.4 54.4
Scraper 2 40%84 63.3 59.3
Tractor 2 40%84 63.7 59.7
Combined LEQ 64.9
Infrastructure
Crane 1 16%81 57.3 49.4
All Other Equipment > 5 HP 3 50%85 66.5 63.5
Generator 1 50%81 57.3 54.3
Tractor 3 40%84 65.5 61.5
Welder/Torch 1 40%74 50.7 46.7
Combined LEQ 66.1
Building Construction
Crane 1 16%81 57.3 49.4
All Other Equipment > 5 HP 3 50%85 66.5 63.5
Generator 1 50%81 57.3 54.3
Tractor 3 40%84 65.5 61.5
Welder/Torch 1 40%74 50.7 46.7
Combined LEQ 66.1
Paving/Architectural Coating
Paver 2 50%77 56.9 53.9
All Other Equipment > 5 HP 2 50%85 64.7 61.7
Roller 2 20%80 59.7 52.7
Compressor (air)1 40%78 54.4 50.4
Combined LEQ 63.1
Overlapping Phases
Building Construction + Paving + Architectural Coating 67.8
Maximum Noise Level 67.8
Source for Ref. Noise Levels: RCNM, 2005
FHWA Highway Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108) with California Vehicle Noise (CALVENO) Emission Levels
Project Name:Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
Project Number:
Scenario:Existing
Ldn/CNEL:CNEL
Assumed 24-Hour Traffic Distribution:Day Evening Night
Total ADT Volumes 77.70% 12.70%9.60%
Medium-Duty Trucks 87.43% 5.05%7.52%
Heavy-Duty Trucks 89.10% 2.84%8.06%
Vehicle Mix Distance from Centerline of Roadway
Median ADT Speed Alpha Medium Heavy CNEL at Distance to Contour
#Roadway Segment Lanes Width Volume (mph)Factor Trucks Trucks 100 Feet 70 CNEL 65 CNEL 60 CNEL 55 CNEL
1 Sierra Ave North of Summit Ave 1 13 11,600 55 0 5.7%4.4%68.4 70 220 696 2,202
2 Sierra Ave between Summit Ave and parcel 2 12.5 19,000 55 0 5.7%4.4%70.6 115 363 1,147 3,627
3 Sierra Ave between parcel and Clubhouse Dr 2 12.5 19,000 55 0 5.7%4.4%70.6 115 363 1,147 3,627
4 Sierra Ave between Clubhouse Dr and Sierra Lakes Parkway 3 13 18,900 55 0 5.7%4.4%70.6 115 364 1,152 3,644
5 Sierra Ave south of Sierra Lakes Pkwy 3 12.5 34,700 55 0 5.7%4.4%73.3 211 669 2,114 6,686
6 Summit Ave west of Sierra Ave 2 13 6,900 55 0 5.7%4.4%66.2 42 132 417 1,318
7 Sierra Lakes Parkway west of Sierra Ave 2 13.5 16,000 55 0 5.7%4.4%69.8 97 306 966 3,056
8 Sierra Lakes Parkway bewteen Sierra Ave and Mango Ave 2 13 16,000 55 0 5.7%4.4%69.8 97 305 966 3,054
1 Distance is from the centerline of the roadway segment to the receptor location.
"-" = contour is located within the roadway right-of-way.
Page 1
FHWA Highway Noise Prediction Model (FHWA-RD-77-108) with California Vehicle Noise (CALVENO) Emission Levels
Project Name:Fontana Sierra Distribution Facility
Project Number:
Scenario:Existing Plus Project
Ldn/CNEL:CNEL
Assumed 24-Hour Traffic Distribution:Day Evening Night
Total ADT Volumes 77.70% 12.70%9.60%
Medium-Duty Trucks 87.43% 5.05%7.52%
Heavy-Duty Trucks 89.10% 2.84%8.06%
Vehicle Mix Distance from Centerline of Roadway
Median ADT Speed Alpha Medium Heavy CNEL at Distance to Contour
#Roadway Segment Lanes Width Volume (mph)Factor Trucks Trucks 100 Feet 70 CNEL 65 CNEL 60 CNEL 55 CNEL
1 Sierra Ave North of Summit Ave 1 13 11,736 55 0 5.7%4.4%68.5 70 223 705 2,228
2 Sierra Ave between Summit Ave and parcel 2 12.5 19,306 55 0 5.7%4.4%70.7 117 369 1,165 3,685
3 Sierra Ave between parcel and Clubhouse Dr 2 12.5 19,306 55 0 5.7%4.4%70.7 117 369 1,165 3,685
4 Sierra Ave between Clubhouse Dr and Sierra Lakes Parkway3 13 19,036 55 0 5.7%4.4%70.6 116 367 1,161 3,670
5 Sierra Ave south of Sierra Lakes Pkwy 3 12.5 35,108 55 0 5.7%4.4%73.3 214 677 2,139 6,765
6 Summit Ave west of Sierra Ave 2 13 6,934 55 0 5.7%4.4%66.2 42 132 419 1,324
7 Sierra Lakes Parkway west of Sierra Ave 2 13.5 16,408 55 0 5.7%4.4%69.9 99 313 991 3,134
8 Sierra Lakes Parkway bewteen Sierra Ave and Mango Ave 2 13 16,408 55 0 5.7%4.4%69.9 99 313 991 3,132
1 Distance is from the centerline of the roadway segment to the receptor location.
"-" = contour is located within the roadway right-of-way.
Page 2
Noise Source Reference
Level (dBA)
Reference
Distance (feet)
Distance to
Receptor (feet)
Level at
Receptor
(dBA)5
Threshold Significant?
Mechanical Equipment1 52 50 130 43.7 65.0 No
Truck and Loading Docks2 64.4 50 290 49.1 65.0 No
Parking3 61 50 130 52.7 65.0 No
Backup Alarms4 97 3.28 130 65.0 65.0
1. Source for reference level: Elliott H. Berger, Rick Neitzel, and Cynthia A. Kladden,Noise Navigator Sound Level Database with Over 1700 Measurement Values , July 6, 2010.
2. Loading dock reference noise level measurements conducted by Kimley-Horn on December 18, 2018.
3. Source for reference level: Kariel, H. G.,Noise in Rural Recreational Environments , Canadian Acoustics 19(5), 3-10, 1991.
4. Environmental Health Perspectives, Vehicle Motion Alarms: Necessity, Noise Pollution, or Both? https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018517/, accessed September 2022.
5. Calculated using the inverse square law formula for sound attenuation: dBA2 = dBA1+20Log(d1/d2), where dBA2 = estimated noise level at receptor; dBA1 = reference noise level; d1 = reference distance; d
Parking Lot Noise
Number of Vehicles Per Hour:85
Hourly Leq at 50 feet:45.7
Leq(h) = SELref + 10log(NA/1,000) – 35.6
Where:
Leq(h) =45.7 hourly Leq noise level at 50 feet
SELref =92 reference noise level for stationary noise source represented in sound exposure level (SEL) at 50 feet
NA =85 number of automobiles per hour
35.6 =35.6 Constant, calculated as 10 times the logarithm of the number of seconds in an hour
FTA’s reference noise level is 92 dBA SEL at 50 feet from the noise source for a parking lot
Source:Federal Transit Administration,Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual , September 2018.