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Home My WebLink AboutApp M Noise and Vibration Impact AnalysisFebruary 2023 NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA January 2023 NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA Submitted to: EPD Solutions, Inc. 2355 Main Street, Suite 100 Irvine, California 92614 Prepared by: LSA 20 Executive Park, Suite 200 Irvine, California 92614 (949) 553-0666 Project No. ESL2201.20 NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS FEBRUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» i TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES AND TABLES ............................................................................................................................. ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................ iii INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 Project Location And Description .................................................................................................. 1 Existing Land Uses in the project area .......................................................................................... 4 Southwest Industrial Park Specific Plan ........................................................................................ 4 NOISE AND VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS .................................................................... 7 Characteristics of Sound ................................................................................................................ 7 Measurement of Sound................................................................................................................. 7 Physiological Effects of Noise ............................................................................................................. 8 Fundamentals of Vibration .......................................................................................................... 10 REGULATORY SETTING .............................................................................................. 12 Applicable Noise Standards ......................................................................................................... 12 City of Fontana ................................................................................................................................. 12 State of California Green Building Standards Code .......................................................................... 13 Federal Transit Administration ......................................................................................................... 13 Applicable Vibration Standards ................................................................................................... 14 Federal Transit Administration ......................................................................................................... 14 OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING NOISE ENVIRONMENT .................................................. 15 Ambient Noise Measurements ................................................................................................... 15 Long-Term Noise Measurements ..................................................................................................... 15 Existing Aircraft Noise ................................................................................................................. 15 PROJECT IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 17 Short-Term Construction Noise Impacts ..................................................................................... 17 Short-Term Construction Vibration Impacts ............................................................................... 20 Long-Term Off-Site Traffic Noise Impacts ................................................................................... 22 Long-Term Traffic-Related Vibration Impacts ............................................................................. 22 Long-Term Off-Site Stationary Noise Impacts ............................................................................. 23 Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Equipment .................................................................... 23 Truck Deliveries and Truck Loading and Unloading Activities .......................................................... 23 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 26 APPENDICES A: NOISE MONITORING DATA B: CONSTRUCTION NOISE LEVEL CALCULATIONS C: SOUNDPLAN NOISE MODEL PRINTOUTS NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS FEBRUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» ii FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES Figure 1: Project Location ....................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 2: Site Plan ................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3: Noise Monitoring Locations .................................................................................................. 16 TABLES Table A: Definitions of Acoustical Terms ................................................................................................ 9 Table B: Common Sound Levels and Their Noise Sources.................................................................... 10 Table C: Operational Noise Standards .................................................................................................. 13 Table D: Detailed Assessment Daytime Construction Noise Criteria ................................................... 13 Table E: Interpretation of Vibration Criteria for Detailed Analysis ...................................................... 14 Table F: Construction Vibration Damage Criteria ................................................................................. 14 Table G: Long-Term 24-Hour Ambient Noise Monitoring Results........................................................ 15 Table H: Typical Construction Equipment Noise Levels ....................................................................... 18 Table I: Potential Construction Noise Impacts at Nearest Receptor .................................................... 19 Table J: Vibration Source Amplitudes for Construction Equipment ..................................................... 21 Table K: Summary of Construction Vibration Levels ............................................................................ 22 Table L: Daytime Exterior Noise Level Impacts .................................................................................... 24 Table M: Nighttime Exterior Noise Level Impacts ................................................................................ 24 Table N: Daily Exterior Noise Level Impacts ......................................................................................... 24 NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS FEBRUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» iii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS CALGreen California Green Building Standards Code City City of Fontana CNEL Community Noise Equivalent Level dBA A-weighted decibel EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency ft feet FHWA Federal Highway Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning in/sec inches per second ONT Ontario International Airport Ldn day-night average noise level Leq equivalent continuous sound level Lmax maximum instantaneous sound level ONT Ontario International Airport PPV peak particle velocity project 16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project RMS root-mean-square sf square feet SPL sound power level SWIP Southwest Industrial Park VdB vibration velocity decibels NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 1 INTRODUCTION This noise and vibration impact analysis has been prepared to evaluate the potential noise and vibration impacts and reduction measures associated with the 16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project (project) in Fontana, California. This report is intended to satisfy the City of Fontana (City) requirement for a project-specific noise impact analysis by examining the impacts of the project site and evaluating noise reduction measures that the project may require. PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION The 18.2-acre project site is at 16025 Slover Avenue in Fontana, San Bernardino County, California. Currently, the project site is comprised of 8 previously developed properties and lies within the boundaries of Fontana’s Southwest Industrial Park (SWIP). The western portion of the project site is occupied by a truck trailer repair, sales, and rental business. The remaining site is comprised of several single-family homes. Figure 1 illustrates the project site location. Figure 2 depicts the proposed project’s site plan. The project proposes to demolish the existing structures to construct an industrial building of approximately 395,970 square feet (sq ft) including a 15,000 sq ft first floor office and a 15,000 sq ft second floor office space. The project would include approximately 87,532 sq ft of landscaping which would cover about 23.8 percent of the total project site. Parking spaces required by City code would be maintained in one parking lot and would consist of 163 passenger parking spaces including EV parking and Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) spaces, 79 trailer stalls, and 38 loading docks. The existing 8-foot-high wall along the south boundary would remain and a 10-foot-high wall extension would be provided along the southeast corner. Typical operational characteristics include employees traveling to and from the site, delivery of products to the site, truck loading and unloading, and truck maintenance operations. The project is assumed to operate 24 hours per day, 7 days per week; however, this may shift depending on the tenant, as the hours of operation are unknown. The proposed project would generate approximately 677 average daily trips, including 539 passenger vehicle trips, 23 two-axle truck trips, 31 three-axle truck trips, and 83 four-axle truck trips. Live O ka Ave O eviL evA ka Randall Ave ceeB vA h e eH mlo kc vA e Hemloc vA k e Marcona Ave A mlE ev mlE Ave Rosemary Dr Santa Ana Ave Washington Dr C bora evA eeB A hc ev Fon tana A ve SouthFontana Vi llageDr Elm evASouthridgePark Declezville 10 Li me Ave evA abwataC abwataC evA Mallory Dr evA ognaM San Bernardino Ave Citrus Ave Randall Ave Iris Dr Boyle Ave Boyle Ave Marygold Ave alpoP r Ave ralpoP evA aD et St Santa Ana Ave Olea redn evA Ol evA rednae Junipe A r ve nuJ i ep r evA acA ci evA a tS evilO eiS rr a Ave A arreiS ev Slover Ave Slover Ave Valley Blvd evA surtiC Fontana Ave San Bernardino Fwy Palm CourtShoppingCenter Kaiser Hospital Citrus A v e Underwood E Villa g e Dr Wil l o w Dr Jurupa AveJurupaAve Si er r a A v e Catawba Park SOURCE: ESRI StreetMap, 2023 FIGURE 1 16025 Slover Ave Fontana SANBERNARDINOCOUNTY RIVE RSIDECOUNTY ÃÃ91 ÃÃ210 ÃÃ60 §¨¦215 §¨¦10§¨¦15 Project Vicinity 0 1000 2000 FEET I:\ESL2201.20\G\Loca�on.ai (1/27/2023) Project Location FIGURE 2 SOURCE: HPA Architecture I:\ESL2201.20\G\Site_Plan.ai (1/27/2023) FEET 180900                             Site Plan 16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 4 EXISTING LAND USES IN THE PROJECT AREA The project site is surrounded primarily by residential uses and industrial facilities. The areas adjacent to the project site include the following uses: • North: Existing industrial uses and gas station opposite Slover Avenue; • East: Existing undeveloped vacant land opposite Citrus Avenue; • South: Existing residential uses; and • West: Existing industrial uses opposite Catawba Avenue. The nearest sensitive receptors are: • South: Single-family residences approximately 120 ft away from the project boundary line. • Southeast: Jurupa Hills High School approximately 1,070 ft away from the project boundary line. SOUTHWEST INDUSTRIAL PARK SPECIFIC PLAN As identified above, the project site is within the SWIP area. The SWIP EIR identified the following mitigation measures that would apply to the proposed project and that would help to reduce and avoid potential impacts related to noise and vibration: Mitigation Measure 4.7-1a The following measures shall be implemented when construction is to be conducted within 500 feet of any sensitive structures or has the potential to disrupt classroom activities or religious functions: • The City shall restrict noise intensive construction activities to the days and hours specified under Section 18-63 of the City of Fontana Municipal Code. These days and hours shall also apply any servicing of equipment and to the delivery of materials to or from the site. • All construction equipment shall be equipped with mufflers and sound control devices (e.g., intake silencers and noise shrouds) no less effective than those provided on the original equipment and no equipment shall have an unmuffled exhaust. • The City shall require that the contractor maintain and tune-up all construction equipment to minimize noise emissions. • Stationary equipment shall be placed so as to maintain the greatest possible distance to the sensitive use structures. • All equipment servicing shall be performed so as to maintain the greatest possible distance to the sensitive use structures. • If construction noise does prove to be detrimental to the learning environment, the City shall allow for a temporary waiver thereby allowing construction on Weekends and/or NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 5 holidays in those areas where this construction is to be performed in excess of 500 feet from any residential structures. • The construction contractor shall provide an on-site name and telephone number of a contact person. Construction hours, allowable workdays, and the phone number of the job superintendent shall be clearly posted at all construction entrances to allow for surrounding owners and residents to contact the job superintendent. If the City or the job superintendent receives a complaint, the superintendent shall investigate, take appropriate corrective action, and report the action taken to the reporting party. In the event that construction noise is intrusive to an educational process, the construction liaison will revise the construction schedule to preserve the learning environment. Mitigation Measure 4.7-1b Should potential future development facilitated by the Proposed Project require off-site import/export of fill material during construction, trucks shall utilize a route that is least disruptive to sensitive receptors, preferably major roadways (Interstate 10, Interstate 15, State Route 60, Siena Avenue, Beech Avenue, Jurupa Avenue, and Slover Avenue). Construction trucks should, to the extent practical, avoid the weekday and Saturday a.m. and p.m. peak hours (7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.) Mitigation Measure 4.7-2a No new industrial facilities shall be constructed within 160 feet of any existing sensitive land use property line without the preparation of a dedicated noise analysis. This analysis shall document the nature of the industrial facility as well as “noise producing” operations associated with that facility. Furthermore, the analysis shall document the placement of any existing or proposed noise- sensitive land uses situated within the 160-foot distance. The analysis shall determine the potential noise levels that could be received at these sensitive land uses and specify very specific measures to be employed by the industrial facility to ensure that these levels do not exceed those City noise requirements of 65 dBA CNEL. Such measures could include, but are not limited to, the use of enclosures for noisy pieces of equipment, the use of noise walls and/or berms for exterior equipment and/or on-site truck operations, and/or restrictions on hours of operations. No development permits or approval of land use applications shall be issued until the noted acoustic analysis is received and approved by the City Staff. Mitigation Measure 4.7-3a With respect to the proposed land uses, developers may specify increased setbacks such that they do not lie within the 65 dBA CNEL NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 6 overlay zone residential and noise sensitive land uses depicted in the Proposed General Plan or the distances to both the MetroLink and Union Pacific Railroad tracks discussed in Section 5.4.3 (Railroad Noise Impacts on New, Proposed Land Uses) [Section 5.4.3 of the General Plan EIR]. This would ensure that any proposed land uses do not exceed the goals of the City General Plan Noise Element and would also ensure that any railroad vibration is reduced to less than a significant level. Mitigation Measure 4.7-3b Prior to issuance of a grading permit, a developer shall contract for a site-specific noise study for the parcel. The noise study shall be performed by an acoustic consultant experienced in such studies and the consultant’s qualifications and methodology to be used in the study must be presented to City staff for consideration. The site- specific acoustic study shall specifically identify potential noise impacts upon any proposed sensitive uses (addressing General Plan buildout conditions), as well as potential project impacts upon off- site sensitive uses due to construction, stationary and mobile noise sources. Mitigation for mobile noise impacts, where identified as significant, shall consider facility siting and truck routes such that project-related truck traffic utilizes existing established truck routes. Mitigation shall be required if noise levels exceed 65 dBA as identified in Section 30-182 of the City's Municipal Code. This noise and vibration impacts analysis calculates the potential impacts and incorporates Mitigation Measures 4.7-1a, 4.7-1b related to construction noise impacts. Additionally, this noise and vibration impact analysis provides an operations assessment, as required by Mitigation Measures 4.7-2a and 4.7-3b. Mitigation Measure 4.7-3a is not applicable to the proposed project due to the distance to surrounding residential land uses and distance from the 65 dBA CNEL contour of the residential overlay zone and the MetroLink and Union Pacific Railroad tracks within Fontana. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 7 NOISE AND VIBRATION FUNDAMENTALS CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND Noise is usually defined as unwanted sound. Noise consists of any sound that may produce physiological or psychological damage and/or interfere with communication, work, rest, recreation, and sleep. To the human ear, sound has two significant characteristics: pitch and loudness. Pitch is generally an annoyance, while loudness can affect the ability to hear. Pitch is the number of complete vibrations, or cycles per second, of a sound wave, which results in the tone’s range from high to low. Loudness is the strength of a sound, and it describes a noisy or quiet environment; it is measured by the amplitude of the sound wave. Loudness is determined by the intensity of the sound waves combined with the reception characteristics of the human ear. Sound intensity is the average rate of sound energy transmitted through a unit area perpendicular to the direction in which the sound waves are traveling. This characteristic of sound can be precisely measured with instruments. The analysis of a project defines the noise environment of the project area in terms of sound intensity and its effect on adjacent sensitive land uses. MEASUREMENT OF SOUND Sound intensity is measured with the A-weighted decibel (dBA) scale to correct for the relative frequency response of the human ear. That is, an A-weighted noise level de-emphasizes low and very high frequencies of sound, similar to the human ear’s de-emphasis of these frequencies. Decibels (dB), unlike the linear scale (e.g., inches or pounds), are measured on a logarithmic scale representing points on a sharply rising curve. For example, 10 dB is 10 times more intense than 0 dB, 20 dB is 100 times more intense than 0 dB, and 30 dB is 1,000 times more intense than 0 dB. Thirty decibels (30 dB) represents 1,000 times as much acoustic energy as 0 dB. The decibel scale increases as the square of the change, representing the sound pressure energy. A sound as soft as human breathing is about 10 times greater than 0 dB. The decibel system of measuring sound gives a rough connection between the physical intensity of sound and its perceived loudness to the human ear. A 10 dB increase in sound level is perceived by the human ear as only a doubling of the sound’s loudness. Ambient sounds generally range from 30 dB (very quiet) to 100 dB (very loud). Sound levels are generated from a source, and their decibel level decreases as the distance from that source increases. Sound levels dissipate exponentially with distance from their noise sources. For a single point source, sound levels decrease approximately 6 dB for each doubling of distance from the source. This drop-off rate is appropriate for noise generated by stationary equipment. If noise is produced by a line source (e.g., highway traffic or railroad operations), the sound decreases 3 dB for each doubling of distance in a hard site environment. Line source sound levels decrease 4.5 dB for each doubling of distance in a relatively flat environment with absorptive vegetation. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 8 There are many ways to rate noise for various time periods, but an appropriate rating of ambient noise affecting humans also accounts for the annoying effects of sound. The equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) is the total sound energy of time-varying noise over a sample period. However, the predominant rating scales for human communities in the State of California are the Leq and Community Noise Equivalent Level (CNEL) or the day-night average noise level (Ldn) based on A-weighted decibels. CNEL is the time-weighted average noise over a 24-hour period, with a 5 dBA weighting factor applied to the hourly Leq for noises occurring from 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. (defined as relaxation hours) and a 10 dBA weighting factor applied to noises occurring from 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. (defined as sleeping hours). Ldn is similar to the CNEL scale but without the adjustment for events occurring during the relaxation. CNEL and Ldn are within 1 dBA of each other and are normally interchangeable. The City uses the CNEL noise scale for long-term traffic noise impact assessment. Other noise rating scales of importance when assessing the annoyance factor include the maximum instantaneous noise level (Lmax), which is the highest sound level that occurs during a stated time period. The noise environments discussed in this analysis for short-term noise impacts are specified in terms of maximum levels denoted by Lmax, which reflects peak operating conditions and addresses the annoying aspects of intermittent noise. It is often used together with another noise scale, or noise standards in terms of percentile noise levels, in noise ordinances for enforcement purposes. For example, the L10 noise level represents the noise level exceeded 10 percent of the time during a stated period. The L50 noise level represents the median noise level. Half the time the noise level exceeds this level, and half the time it is less than this level. The L90 noise level represents the noise level exceeded 90 percent of the time and is considered the background noise level during a monitoring period. For a relatively constant noise source, the Leq and L50 are approximately the same. Noise impacts can be described in three categories. The first category includes audible impacts, which are increases in noise levels noticeable to humans. Audible increases in noise levels generally refer to a change of 3 dB or greater because this level has been found to be barely perceptible in exterior environments. The second category, potentially audible, refers to a change in the noise level between 1 dB and 3 dB. This range of noise levels has been found to be noticeable only in laboratory environments. The last category includes changes in noise levels of less than 1 dB, which are inaudible to the human ear. Only audible changes in existing ambient or background noise levels are considered potentially significant. Physiological Effects of Noise Physical damage to human hearing begins at prolonged exposure to sound levels higher than 85 dBA. Exposure to high sound levels affects the entire system, with prolonged sound exposure in excess of 75 dBA increasing body tensions, thereby affecting blood pressure and functions of the heart and the nervous system. In comparison, extended periods of sound exposure above 90 dBA would result in permanent cell damage. When the sound level reaches 120 dBA, a tickling sensation occurs in the human ear, even with short-term exposure. This level of sound is called the threshold of feeling. As the sound reaches 140 dBA, the tickling sensation is replaced by a feeling of pain in the ear (i.e., the threshold of pain). A sound level of 160–165 dBA will result in dizziness or a NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 9 loss of equilibrium. The ambient or background noise problem is widespread and generally more concentrated in urban areas than in outlying, less developed areas. Table A lists definitions of acoustical terms, and Table B shows common sound levels and their sources. Table A: Definitions of Acoustical Terms Term Definitions Decibel, dB A unit of sound measurement that denotes the ratio between two quantities that are proportional to power; the number of decibels is 10 times the logarithm (to the base 10) of this ratio. Frequency, Hz Of a function periodic in time, the number of times that the quantity repeats itself in 1 second (i.e., the number of cycles per second). A-Weighted Sound Level, dBA The sound level obtained by use of A-weighting. The A-weighting filter de-emphasizes the very low and very high frequency components of the sound in a manner similar to the frequency response of the human ear and correlates well with subjective reactions to noise. (All sound levels in this report are A-weighted unless reported otherwise.) L01, L10, L50, L90 The fast A-weighted noise levels that are equaled or exceeded by a fluctuating sound level 1%, 10%, 50%, and 90% of a stated time period, respectively. Equivalent Continuous Noise Level, Leq The level of a steady sound that, in a stated time period and at a stated location, has the same A-weighted sound energy as the time-varying sound. Community Noise Equivalent Level, CNEL The 24-hour A-weighted average sound level from midnight to midnight, obtained after the addition of 5 dBA to sound levels occurring in the evening from 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. and after the addition of 10 dBA to sound levels occurring in the night between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. Day/Night Noise Level, Ldn The 24-hour A-weighted average sound level from midnight to midnight, obtained after the addition of 10 dBA to sound levels occurring in the night between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m. Lmax, Lmin The maximum and minimum A-weighted sound levels measured on a sound level meter, during a designated time interval, using fast time averaging. Ambient Noise Level The all-encompassing noise associated with a given environment at a specified time. Usually a composite of sound from many sources from many directions, near and far; no particular sound is dominant. Intrusive The noise that intrudes over and above the existing ambient noise at a given location. The relative intrusiveness of a sound depends upon its amplitude, duration, frequency, time of occurrence, and tonal or informational content, as well as the prevailing ambient noise level. Source: Handbook of Acoustical Measurements and Noise Control (Harris 1991). NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 10 Table B: Common Sound Levels and Their Noise Sources Noise Source A-Weighted Sound Level in Decibels Noise Environments Subjective Evaluations Near Jet Engine 140 Deafening 128 times as loud Civil Defense Siren 130 Threshold of Pain 64 times as loud Hard Rock Band 120 Threshold of Feeling 32 times as loud Accelerating Motorcycle at a Few Feet Away 110 Very Loud 16 times as loud Pile Driver; Noisy Urban Street/Heavy City Traffic 100 Very Loud 8 times as loud Ambulance Siren; Food Blender 95 Very Loud — Garbage Disposal 90 Very Loud 4 times as loud Freight Cars; Living Room Music 85 Loud — Pneumatic Drill; Vacuum Cleaner 80 Loud 2 times as loud Busy Restaurant 75 Moderately Loud — Near Freeway Auto Traffic 70 Moderately Loud Reference level Average Office 60 Quiet One-half as loud Suburban Street 55 Quiet — Light Traffic; Soft Radio Music in Apartment 50 Quiet One-quarter as loud Large Transformer 45 Quiet — Average Residence without Stereo Playing 40 Faint One-eighth as loud Soft Whisper 30 Faint — Rustling Leaves 20 Very Faint — Human Breathing 10 Very Faint Threshold of Hearing — 0 Very Faint — Source: Compiled by LSA (2022). FUNDAMENTALS OF VIBRATION Vibration refers to ground-borne noise and perceptible motion. Ground-borne vibration is almost exclusively a concern inside buildings and is rarely perceived as a problem outdoors, where the motion may be discernible, but without the effects associated with the shaking of a building there is less adverse reaction. Vibration energy propagates from a source through intervening soil and rock layers to the foundations of nearby buildings. The vibration then propagates from the foundation throughout the remainder of the structure. Building vibration may be perceived by occupants as the motion of building surfaces, the rattling of items sitting on shelves or hanging on walls, or a low- frequency rumbling noise. The rumbling noise is caused by the vibration of walls, floors, and ceilings that radiate sound waves. Annoyance from vibration often occurs when the vibration exceeds the threshold of perception by 10 dB or less. This is an order of magnitude below the damage threshold for normal buildings. Typical sources of ground-borne vibration are construction activities (e.g., blasting, pile-driving, and operating heavy-duty earthmoving equipment), steel-wheeled trains, and occasional traffic on rough roads. Problems with both ground-borne vibration and noise from these sources are usually localized to areas within approximately 100 ft from the vibration source, although there are examples of ground-borne vibration causing interference out to distances greater than 200 ft (FTA 2018). When roadways are smooth, vibration from traffic, even heavy trucks, is rarely perceptible. It is assumed for most projects that the roadway surface will be smooth enough that ground-borne NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 11 vibration from street traffic will not exceed the impact criteria; however, construction of the project could result in ground-borne vibration that may be perceptible and annoying. Ground-borne noise is not likely to be a problem because noise arriving via the normal airborne path will usually be greater than ground-borne noise. Ground-borne vibration has the potential to disturb people and damage buildings. Although it is very rare for train-induced ground-borne vibration to cause even cosmetic building damage, it is not uncommon for construction processes such as blasting and pile-driving to cause vibration of sufficient amplitudes to damage nearby buildings (FTA 2018). Ground-borne vibration is usually measured in terms of vibration velocity, either the root-mean-square (RMS) velocity or peak particle velocity (PPV). The RMS is best for characterizing human response to building vibration, and PPV is used to characterize the potential for damage. Decibel notation acts to compress the range of numbers required to describe vibration. Vibration velocity level in decibels is defined as Lv = 20 log10 [V/Vref] where “Lv” is the vibration velocity in decibels (VdB), “V” is the RMS velocity amplitude, and “Vref” is the reference velocity amplitude, or 1 x 10-6 inches/second (in/sec) used in the United States. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 12 REGULATORY SETTING APPLICABLE NOISE STANDARDS The applicable noise standards governing the project site include the criteria in the City’s Noise Element of the General Plan (Noise Element) and the City of Fontana Municipal Code (FMC). City of Fontana Noise Element of the General Plan The Noise Element provides the City’s goals and policies related to noise, including the land use compatibility guidelines for community exterior noise environments. The City has identified the following policies in the Noise Element: Policy. Residential land uses and areas identified as noise-sensitive shall be protected from excessive noise from non-transportation sources including industrial, commercial, and residential activities and equipment. Actions. A. Projects located in commercial areas shall not exceed stationary- source noise standards at the property line of proximate residential or commercial uses. B. Industrial uses shall not exceed commercial or residential stationary source noise standards at the most proximate land uses. C. Non-transportation noise shall be considered in land use planning decisions. D. Construction shall be performed as quietly as feasible when performed in proximity to residential or other noise sensitive land uses. City of Fontana Municipal Code Operational Noise Standards. The City’s noise control guidelines for determining and mitigating non-transportation or stationary noise source impacts from operations in neighboring residential areas are found in Section 30-543. For industrial zoning districts, Section 30-543 indicates that “no person shall create or cause to be created any sound which exceeds the noise levels in this section as measured at the property line of any residentially zoned property”. The performance standards found in Section 30-543 limit the exterior noise level to 70 dBA Leq during the daytime hours, and 65 dBA Leq during the nighttime hours at sensitive receiver locations as shown in Table C. Construction Noise Standards. The City has set restrictions to control noise impacts associated with the construction of the proposed Project. According to Section 18-63(b)(7), Construction or repairing of buildings or structures, construction activity is limited: between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays except in the case of urgent necessity. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 13 Table C: Operational Noise Standards Noise Level Descriptor Daytime (7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.) Nighttime (10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.) Hourly Equivalent Level (Leq), dBA 70 65 Source: City of Fontana (2021). Notes: a These standards apply to new or existing noise-sensitive land uses affected by new or existing non-transportation noise sources, as determined at the outdoor activity area of the receiving land use. However, these noise level standards do not apply to residential units established in conjunction with industrial or commercial uses (e.g., caretaker dwellings). b Each of the noise levels specified above should be lowered by 5 dB for simple-tone noises, noises consisting primarily of speech or music, or for recurring impulsive noises. Such noises are generally considered by residents to be particularly annoying and are a primary source of noise complaints. These noise level standards do not apply to residential units established in conjunction with industrial or commercial uses (e.g., caretaker dwellings). c No standards have been included for interior noise levels. Standard construction practices that comply with the exterior noise levels identified in this table generally result in acceptable interior noise levels. d The City of Fontana may impose noise level standards that are more or less restrictive than those specified above based on determination of existing low or high ambient noise levels. If the existing ambient noise level exceeds the standards listed in this table, then the noise level standards shall be increased at 3 dB increments to encompass the ambient environment. Noise level standards incorporating adjustments for existing ambient noise levels shall not exceed a maximum of 70 dBA Leq. dBA = A-weighted decibels Leq = equivalent continuous sound level State of California Green Building Standards Code The State of California’s Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) contains mandatory measures for non-residential building construction in Section 5.507 on Environmental Comfort. These noise standards are applied to new construction in California for controlling interior noise levels resulting from exterior noise sources. The regulations specify that acoustical studies must be prepared when non-residential structures are developed in areas where the exterior noise levels exceed 65 dBA CNEL, such as within a noise contour of an airport, freeway, railroad, and other noise source. If the development falls within an airport or freeway 65 dBA CNEL noise contour, buildings shall be construction to provide an interior noise level environment attributable to exterior sources that does not exceed an hourly equivalent level of 50 dBA Leq in occupied areas during any hour of operation. Federal Transit Administration Although the City does not have daytime construction noise level limits for activities that occur with the specified hours of Section 18-63(b)(7), to determine potential CEQA noise impacts, construction noise was assessed using criteria from the Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual (FTA 2018) (FTA Manual). Table D shows the FTA’s Detailed Assessment Construction Noise Criteria based on the composite noise levels per construction phase. Table D: Detailed Assessment Daytime Construction Noise Criteria Land Use Daytime 1-hour Leq (dBA) Residential 80 Commercial 85 Industrial 90 Source: Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual (FTA 2018). dBA = A-weighted decibels Leq = equivalent continuous sound level NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 14 APPLICABLE VIBRATION STANDARDS Federal Transit Administration Vibration standards included in the FTA Manual are used in this analysis for ground-borne vibration impacts on human annoyance. The criteria for environmental impact from ground-borne vibration and noise are based on the maximum levels for a single event. Table E provides the criteria for assessing the potential for interference or annoyance from vibration levels in a building. Table E: Interpretation of Vibration Criteria for Detailed Analysis Land Use Max Lv (VdB)1 Description of Use Workshop 90 Vibration that is distinctly felt. Appropriate for workshops and similar areas not as sensitive to vibration. Office 84 Vibration that can be felt. Appropriate for offices and similar areas not as sensitive to vibration. Residential Day 78 Vibration that is barely felt. Adequate for computer equipment and low-power optical microscopes (up to 20×). Residential Night and Operating Rooms 72 Vibration is not felt, but ground-borne noise may be audible inside quiet rooms. Suitable for medium-power microscopes (100×) and other equipment of low sensitivity. Source: Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual (FTA 2018). 1 As measured in 1/3-Octave bands of frequency over the frequency range 8 to 80 Hertz. FTA = Federal Transit Administration LV = velocity in decibels VdB = vibration velocity decibels Max = maximum Table F lists the potential vibration building damage criteria associated with construction activities, as suggested in the FTA Manual. FTA guidelines show that a vibration level of up to 0.5 in/sec in PPV is considered safe for buildings consisting of reinforced concrete, steel, or timber (no plaster), and would not result in any construction vibration damage. For non-engineered timber and masonry buildings, the construction building vibration damage criterion is 0.2 in/sec in PPV. Table F: Construction Vibration Damage Criteria Building Category PPV (in/sec) Reinforced concrete, steel, or timber (no plaster) 0.50 Engineered concrete and masonry (no plaster) 0.30 Non-engineered timber and masonry buildings 0.20 Buildings extremely susceptible to vibration damage 0.12 Source: Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual (FTA 2018). FTA = Federal Transit Administration in/sec = inch/inches per second PPV = peak particle velocity NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 15 OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING NOISE ENVIRONMENT The primary existing noise sources in the project area are industrial uses surrounding the project site and road traffic including some heavy-duty truck traffic. AMBIENT NOISE MEASUREMENTS Long-Term Noise Measurements Long-term (24-hour) noise level measurements were conducted on April 25 and 26, 2022, using two Larson Davis Spark 706RC Dosimeters. Table G provides a summary of the measured hourly noise levels and calculated CNEL level from the long-term noise level measurements. As shown in Table G, the calculated CNEL levels range from 58.1 dBA CNEL to 64.8 dBA CNEL. Hourly noise levels at surrounding sensitive uses are as low as 44.8 dBA Leq during the more sensitive nighttime hours and 49.0 dBA Leq during daytime and evening hours. Long-term noise monitoring data results are provided in Appendix A. Figure 3 shows the long-term monitoring locations. Table G: Long-Term 24-Hour Ambient Noise Monitoring Results Location Daytime Noise Levels1 (dBA Leq) Evening Noise Levels2 (dBA Leq) Nighttime Noise Levels3 (dBA Leq) Daily Noise Levels (dBA CNEL) LT-1 South of project site along the backyard wall shared with address 15958 Aliso Drive, approximately 370 feet away from Catawba Avenue centerline. 53.4 – 62.1 52.9 – 59.4 53.4 – 64.4 64.8 LT-2 Northwest corner of the Jurupa Hills High School Parking lot, along Citrus Avenue, approximately 40 feet away from Citrus Avenue centerline. 51.9 – 58.5 49.0 – 56.0 44.8 – 53.7 58.1 Source: Compiled by LSA (2023). Note: Noise measurements were conducted from April 25 to April 26, 2022, starting at 11:00 a.m. 1 Daytime Noise Levels = noise levels during the hours from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. 2 Evening Noise Levels = noise levels during the hours from 7:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. 3 Nighttime Noise Levels = noise levels during the hours from 10:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. dBA = A-weighted decibels CNEL = Community Noise Equivalent Level Leq = equivalent continuous sound level EXISTING AIRCRAFT NOISE Aircraft flyovers may be audible on the project site due to aircraft activity in the vicinity. The nearest airport to the project is Ontario International Airport (ONT), a commercial airport approximately 7.25 miles to the west. The project site is within the ONT Airport Influence Area, according to Policy Map 2-1 but located outside the 60-65 dBA CNEL airport noise impact zone consistent with Policy Map 2-3 of the Ontario International Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan. With respect to noise generated by the ONT Airport facilities and activities, application of standard CALGreen construction practices would yield acceptable project interior noise levels of approximately 40 dBA CNEL. In addition, the project does not propose or require facilities or actions that would contribute to or exacerbate noise generated by ONT facilities and activities. Therefore, the project would not be adversely affected by airport/airfield noise, nor would the project contribute to or result in adverse airport/airfield noise impacts. FIGURE 3 SOURCE: Google Earth, 2023 I:\ESL2201.20\G\Noise_Locs.ai (1/27/2023) FEET 6003000 LEGEND - Project Site Boundary - Long-term Noise Monitoring Loca�onLT-1LT-1 Slover Ave Boyle Ave Aliso Dr Ca t a w b a A v e Po p l a r A v e Ci t r u s A v e Ol e a n d e r A v e Slover Ave Boyle Ave Aliso Dr Ca t a w b a A v e Po p l a r A v e Ci t r u s A v e Ol e a n d e r A v e Noise Monitor Loca�ons 16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project LT-1LT-1 LT-2LT-2 NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 17 PROJECT IMPACTS SHORT-TERM CONSTRUCTION NOISE IMPACTS Two types of short-term noise impacts could occur during the construction of the proposed project. First, construction crew commutes and the transport of construction equipment and materials to the site for the proposed project would incrementally increase noise levels on access roads leading to the site. Although there would be a relatively high single-event noise-exposure potential causing intermittent noise nuisance (passing trucks at 50 ft would generate up to 84 dBA Lmax), the effect on longer-term ambient noise levels would be small compared to existing daily traffic volumes on Catawba Avenue, Slover Avenue, and Citrus Avenue. Because construction-related vehicle trips would not approach existing daily traffic volumes, traffic noise would not increase by 3 dBA CNEL. A noise level increase of less than 3 dBA would not be perceptible to the human ear in an outdoor environment. Because the project requires soil import, trucks would use a route that is least disruptive to sensitive receptors, including major roadways such as Citrus Avenue and Slover Avenue. Construction trucks would, to the extent practical, avoid the weekday and Saturday a.m. and p.m. peak hours (7:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.). Therefore, short-term, construction-related impacts associated with worker commute and equipment transport to the project site would be less than significant. The second type of short-term noise impact is related to noise generated during construction which includes demolition of the existing structures and other site improvements, site preparation, grading, building construction, paving, and architectural coating on the project site. Construction is completed in discrete steps, each of which has its own mix of equipment and, consequently, its own noise characteristics. These various sequential phases would change the character of the noise generated on the site and, therefore, the noise levels surrounding the site as construction progresses. Despite the variety in the type and size of construction equipment, similarities in the dominant noise sources and patterns of operation allow construction-related noise ranges to be categorized by work phase. Table H lists typical construction equipment noise levels recommended for noise impact assessments, based on a distance of 50 ft between the equipment and a noise receptor, taken from the FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model (FHWA 2006). In addition to the reference maximum noise level, the usage factor provided in Table H is used to calculate the hourly noise level impact for each piece of equipment based on the following equation:   −+=50log20.).log(10..)(DFULEequipLeq where: Leq (equip) = Leq at a receiver resulting from the operation of a single piece of equipment over a specified time period. E.L. = noise emission level of the particular piece of equipment at a reference distance of 50 ft. U.F. = usage factor that accounts for the fraction of time that the equipment is in use over the specified period of time. D = distance from the receiver to the piece of equipment. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 18 Table H: Typical Construction Equipment Noise Levels Equipment Description Acoustical Usage Factor (%)1 Maximum Noise Level (Lmax) at 50 Feet2 Auger Drill Rig 20 84 Backhoes 40 80 Compactor (ground) 20 80 Compressor 40 80 Cranes 16 85 Dozers 40 85 Dump Trucks 40 84 Excavators 40 85 Flat Bed Trucks 40 84 Forklift 20 85 Front-end Loaders 40 80 Graders 40 85 Impact Pile Drivers 20 95 Jackhammers 20 85 Paver 50 77 Pickup Truck 40 55 Pneumatic Tools 50 85 Pumps 50 77 Rock Drills 20 85 Rollers 20 85 Scrapers 40 85 Tractors 40 84 Trencher 50 80 Welder 40 73 Source: FHWA Roadway Construction Noise Model User’s Guide, Table 1 (FHWA 2006). Note: Noise levels reported in this table are rounded to the nearest whole number. 1 Usage factor is the percentage of time during a construction noise operation that a piece of construction equipment is operating at full power. 2 Maximum noise levels were developed based on Specification 721.560 from the Central Artery/Tunnel program to be consistent with the City of Boston’s Noise Code for the “Big Dig” project. FHWA = Federal Highway Administration Lmax = maximum instantaneous sound level Each piece of construction equipment operates as an individual point source. Using the following equation, a composite noise level can be calculated when multiple sources of noise operate simultaneously: 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐿𝐿)=10 ∗log10 ��10𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿10𝐿𝐿 1 � Using the equations from the methodology above, the reference information in Table H, and the construction equipment list provided, the composite noise level of each construction phase was calculated. The project construction composite noise levels at a distance of 50 feet would range from 74 dBA Leq to 88 dBA Leq with the highest noise levels occurring during the site preparation phase. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 19 Once composite noise levels are calculated, reference noise levels can then be adjusted for distance using the following equation: 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑎𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑐𝑐𝐿𝐿 𝑋𝑋)=𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 (𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 50 𝑓𝑓𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑐𝑐)−20 ∗lo g10 �𝑋𝑋50� In general, this equation shows that doubling the distance would decrease noise levels by 6 dBA while halving the distance would increase noise levels by 6 dBA. Table I shows the nearest sensitive uses to the project site, their distance from the center of construction activities, and composite noise levels expected during construction. These noise level projections do not consider intervening topography or barriers. Construction equipment calculations are provided in Appendix B. Table I: Potential Construction Noise Impacts at Nearest Receptor Receptor (Location) Composite Noise Level (dBA Leq) at 50 feet1 Distance (feet) Construction Noise Level Standard (dBA Leq) Composite Noise Level (dBA Leq) Industrial Uses (North) 88 450 90 69 Residence (South) 475 80 68 Industrial Uses (West) 705 90 65 School (Southeast) 925 80 62 Source: Compiled by LSA (2023). 1 The composite construction noise level represents the site preparation phase which is expected to result in the greatest noise level as compared to other phases. dBA Leq = average A-weighted hourly noise level While construction noise will vary, it is expected that composite noise levels during construction at the nearest off-site industrial uses to the north would reach 69 dBA Leq while construction noise levels would approach 68 dBA Leq at the nearest sensitive residential uses to the south during daytime hours. These predicted noise levels would only occur when all construction equipment is operating simultaneously; and therefore, are assumed to be rather conservative in nature. While construction-related short-term noise levels have the potential to be higher than existing ambient noise levels in the project area under existing conditions, the noise impacts would no longer occur once project construction is completed. Implementation of Mitigation Measure 4.7-1a of the SWIP EIR would minimize construction noise. No additional noise reduction measures are required. As it relates to off-site uses, construction-related noise impacts would remain below the 80 dBA Leq and 90 dBA Leq 1-hour construction noise level criteria for daytime construction noise level criteria as established by the FTA for residential and industrial land uses, respectively, and therefore would be considered less than significant. The SWIP EIR mitigation measures for construction comprise the following. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 20 • The City shall restrict noise intensive construction activities to the days and hours specified under Section 18-63 of the City of Fontana Municipal Code. These days and hours shall also apply any servicing of equipment and to the delivery of materials to or from the site. Section 18- 63 of the Municipal Code states that construction activities are allowed between the hours of 7:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. on weekdays and between the hours of 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays, except in the case of urgent necessity. • All construction equipment shall be equipped with mufflers and sound control devices (e.g., intake silencers and noise shrouds) no less effective than those provided on the original equipment and no equipment shall have an unmuffled exhaust. • The City shall require that the contractor maintain and tune-up all construction equipment to minimize noise emissions. • Stationary equipment shall be placed so as to maintain the greatest possible distance to the sensitive use structures. • All equipment servicing shall be performed so as to maintain the greatest possible distance to the sensitive use structures. • If construction noise does prove to be detrimental to the learning environment, the City shall allow for a temporary waiver thereby allowing construction on weekends and/or holidays in those areas where this construction is to be performed in excess of 500 feet from any residential structures. • The construction contractor shall provide an on-site name and telephone number of a contact person. Construction hours, allowable workdays, and the phone number of the job superintendent shall be clearly posted at all construction entrances to allow for surrounding owners and residents to contact the job superintendent. If the City or the job superintendent receives a complaint, the superintendent shall investigate, take appropriate corrective action, and report the action taken to the reporting party. In the event that construction noise is intrusive to an educational process, the construction liaison will revise the construction schedule to preserve the learning environment. SHORT-TERM CONSTRUCTION VIBRATION IMPACTS This construction vibration impact analysis discusses the level of human annoyance using vibration levels in VdB and assesses the potential for building damages using vibration levels in PPV (in/sec). This is because vibration levels calculated in RMS are best for characterizing human response to building vibration, while vibration level in PPV is best for characterizing potential for damage. Table J shows the PPV and VdB values at 25 ft from the construction vibration source. As shown in Table J, bulldozers, and other heavy-tracked construction equipment (expected to be used for this project) generate approximately 0.089 PPV in/sec or 87 VdB of ground-borne vibration when measured at 25 ft, based on the FTA Manual. The distance to the nearest buildings for vibration NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 21 impact analysis is measured between the nearest off-site buildings and the project construction boundary (assuming the construction equipment would be used at or near the project setback line). Table J: Vibration Source Amplitudes for Construction Equipment Equipment Reference PPV/LV at 25 ft PPV (in/sec) LV (VdB)1 Pile Driver (Impact), Typical 0.644 104 Pile Driver (Sonic), Typical 0.170 93 Vibratory Roller 0.210 94 Hoe Ram 0.089 87 Large Bulldozer2 0.089 87 Caisson Drilling 0.089 87 Loaded Trucks2 0.076 86 Jackhammer 0.035 79 Small Bulldozer 0.003 58 Source: Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual (FTA 2018). 1 RMS vibration velocity in decibels (VdB) is 1 µin/sec. 2 Equipment shown in bold is expected to be used on site. µin/sec = microinches per second ft = foot/feet FTA = Federal Transit Administration in/sec = inch/inches per second LV = velocity in decibels PPV = peak particle velocity RMS = root-mean-square VdB = vibration velocity decibels The formulae for vibration transmission are provided below and Table K below provides a summary of off-site construction vibration levels. LvdB (D) = LvdB (25 ft) – 30 Log (D/25) PPVequip = PPVref x (25/D)1.5 As shown in Table F, the FTA guidelines indicate that for a non-engineered timber and masonry building, the construction vibration damage criterion is 0.2 in/sec in PPV. Based on the information provided in Table K, vibration levels are expected to approach 0.017 at the surrounding structures and would be below the 0.2 PPV in/sec threshold. As shown in Table E, above, the threshold at which vibration levels would result in annoyance would be 90 VdB for workshop or industrial type uses and 78 VdB for daytime residential uses. Based on the information provided in Table K, vibration levels are expected to approach 73 VdB at the closest industrial uses. Other building structures surrounding the project site are farther away and would experience further reduced vibration. Therefore, no construction vibration impacts would occur. No vibration reduction measures are required. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 22 Table K: Summary of Construction Vibration Levels Land Use Direction Equipment Reference Vibration Level (VdB) at 25 ft Reference Vibration Level (PPV) at 25 ft Distance (ft)1 Maximum Vibration Level (VdB) Maximum Vibration Level (PPV) Industrial West Large Bulldozers 87 0.089 75 73 0.017 Residential South 120 67 0.008 Industrial West 150 64 0.006 School Southeast 1,070 38 0.000 Source: Compiled by LSA (2023). 1 Distances reflect the closest single-family residence to the construction equipment in each direction. All other homes in a given direction would experience lower vibration levels. ft = foot/feet FTA = Federal Transit Administration in/sec = inch/inches per second PPV = peak particle velocity VdB = vibration velocity decibels LONG-TERM OFF-SITE TRAFFIC NOISE IMPACTS As a result of the implementation of the proposed project, off-site traffic volumes on surrounding roadways have the potential to increase. The proposed project trips generated were obtained from the Trip Generation and Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Screening Analysis (EPD Solutions, Inc. 2022). The proposed project would generate an increase of 203 daily trips compared to the existing land uses. The existing (2016) average daily trips on Slover Avenue is 17,900 (City of Fontana General Plan Community Mobility and Circulation Element 2018a). While the current traffic volume on Slover Avenue is likely higher, using the 2016 volumes would be considered conservative. The following equation was used to determine the potential impacts of the project: Change in CNEL = 10 𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐𝑙𝑙10�𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒+𝑝𝑝/𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝐿𝐿𝑒𝑒� where: Vexisting = existing daily volumes Ve+p = existing daily volumes plus project Change in CNEL = increase in noise level due to the project The results of the calculations show that an increase of approximately 0.05 dBA CNEL is expected along Slover Avenue. A noise level increase of less than 3 dBA would not be perceptible to the human ear in an outdoor environment; therefore, the traffic noise increase in the vicinity of the project site resulting from the proposed project would be less than significant. No mitigation is required. LONG-TERM TRAFFIC-RELATED VIBRATION IMPACTS The proposed project would not generate vibration levels related to on-site operations. In addition, vibration levels generated from project-related traffic on the adjacent roadways are unusual for on- road vehicles because the rubber tires and suspension systems of on-road vehicles provide vibration isolation. Based on a reference vibration level of 0.076 in/sec PPV, structures greater than 20 feet from the roadways which contain project trips would experience vibration levels below the most conservative standard of 0.12 in/sec PPV, and therefore, vibration levels generated from project- NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 23 related traffic on the adjacent roadways would be less than significant and no mitigation measures are required. LONG-TERM OFF-SITE STATIONARY NOISE IMPACTS Adjacent off-site land uses would be potentially exposed to stationary-source noise impacts from the proposed on-site heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment and truck deliveries and loading and unloading activities. The potential noise impacts to off-site sensitive land uses from the proposed HVAC equipment and truck delivery activities are discussed below. To provide a conservative analysis, it is assumed that operations would occur equally during all hours of the day and that half the 38 loading docks would be active at all times. Additionally, it is assumed that within any given hour, 19 heavy trucks would maneuver to park near or back into one of the proposed loading docks. To determine the future noise impacts from project operations to the noise sensitive uses, a 3-D noise model, SoundPLAN, was used to incorporate the site topography as well as the shielding from the proposed building on-site. A graphic representation of the operational noise impacts is presented in Appendix C. Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Equipment The project would have various rooftop mechanical equipment including HVAC units on the proposed building. To be conservative, it is assumed the project could have four (4) rooftop HVAC units and operate 24 hours per day and would generate sound power levels (SPL) of up to 76 dBA SPL or 63 dBA Leq at 5 feet, based on manufacturer data (Allied Commercial 2019). Truck Deliveries and Truck Loading and Unloading Activities Noise levels generated by delivery trucks would be similar to noise readings from truck loading and unloading activities, which generate a noise level of 75 dBA Leq at 20 ft based on measurements taken by LSA (Operational Noise Impact Analysis for Richmond Wholesale Meat Distribution Center [LSA 2016]). Shorter term noise levels that occur during the docking process taken by LSA were measured to be 76.3 dBA L8 at 20 ft. Delivery trucks would arrive on site and maneuver their trailers so that trailers would be parked within the loading docks. During this process, noise levels are associated with the truck engine noise, air brakes, and back-up alarms while the truck is backing into the dock. These noise levels would occur for a shorter period of time (less than 5 minutes). After a truck enters the loading dock, the doors would be closed, and the remainder of the truck loading activities would be enclosed and therefore much less perceptible. To present a conservative assessment, it is assumed that truck arrivals and departure activities could occur at 19 docks for a period of less than five (5) minutes each and unloading activities could occur at 19 docks simultaneously for a period of more than 30 minutes in a given hour. Tables L and M, below, show the combined hourly noise levels generated by HVAC equipment and truck delivery activities at the closest off-site sensitive land uses. The project-related noise level impacts would range from 26.6 dBA Leq to 29.9 dBA Leq at the surrounding sensitive receptors. These levels would be below the City’s Municipal Code daytime and nighttime noise standards. Additionally, daily noise levels, as shown in Table N, would range from 33.3 dBA CNEL to 36.6 dBA CNEL which would also be well below the exterior noise level requirement of 65 dBA CNEL within Mitigation Measure 4.7-3b. Additionally,when the project generated noise level is more than 10 dBA NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 24 below existing ambient noise levels, the proposed project would not result in a quantifiable noise level increase. Because project noise levels would not generate a noise level that exceeds existing ambient noise levels by 3 dBA or more, the impact would be less than significant, and no noise reduction measures are required. Table L: Daytime Exterior Noise Level Impacts Receptor Direction Existing Quietest Daytime Noise Level (dBA Leq) Project Generated Noise Levels (dBA Leq) Potential Operational Noise Impact?1 Residential (15912 Aliso Drive) South 53.4 29.9 No Residential (16080 Aliso Drive) South 51.9 29.6 No Jurupa Hills High School Southeast 51.9 26.6 No Source: Compiled by LSA (2023). 1 A potential operational noise impact would occur if (1) the quietest daytime ambient hour is less than 70 dBA Leq and project noise impacts are greater than 70 dBA Leq, OR (2) the quietest daytime ambient hour is greater than 70 dBA Leq and project noise impacts are 3 dBA greater than the quietest daytime ambient hour. dBA = A-weighted decibels Leq = equivalent noise level Table M: Nighttime Exterior Noise Level Impacts Receptor Direction Existing Quietest Nighttime Noise Level (dBA Leq) Project Generated Noise Levels (dBA Leq) Potential Operational Noise Impact?1 Residential (15912 Aliso Drive) South 53.4 29.9 No Residential (16080 Aliso Drive) South 44.8 29.6 No Jurupa Hills High School Southeast 44.8 26.6 No Source: Compiled by LSA (2023). 1 A potential operational noise impact would occur if (1) the quietest nighttime ambient hour is less than 65 dBA Leq and project noise impacts are greater than 65 dBA Leq, OR (2) the quietest nighttime ambient hour is greater than 65 dBA Leq and project noise impacts are 3 dBA greater than the quietest nighttime ambient hour. dBA = A-weighted decibels Leq = equivalent noise level Table N: Daily Exterior Noise Level Impacts Receptor Direction Existing Daily Noise Level (dBA CNEL) Project Generated Noise Levels (dBA CNEL) Potential Operational Noise Impact?1 Residential (15912 Aliso Drive) South 64.8 36.6 No Residential (16080 Aliso Drive) South 58.1 36.3 No Jurupa Hills High School Southeast 58.1 33.3 No Source: Compiled by LSA (2023). NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 25 Table N: Daily Exterior Noise Level Impacts Receptor Direction Existing Daily Noise Level (dBA CNEL) Project Generated Noise Levels (dBA CNEL) Potential Operational Noise Impact?1 1 A potential operational noise impact would occur if (1) the daily ambient noise level is less than 65 dBA CNEL and project noise impacts are greater than 65 dBA CNEL, OR (2) the daily ambient noise is greater than 65 dBA CNEL and project noise impacts are 3 dBA greater than the existing daily noise level. dBA = A-weighted decibels CNEL = Community Noise Equivalent Level NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» 26 REFERENCES Allied Commercial. 2019. KHB – K-Series Rooftop Units Standard and High Efficiency – 50 Hz Product Specifications. April. City of Fontana.2012. SWIP Specific Plan Update and Annexation FPEIR, Exhibit A – Mitigation Monitoring And Reporting Program. _______.2018a. General Plan Community Mobility and Circulation Element. November. _______. 2018b. General Plan Noise Element. November. _______. 2021. Municipal Code. September 13. Website: https://library.municode.com/ca/fontana/ codes/code_of_ordinances (accessed February 2023). EPD Solutions, Inc. 2022. Trip Generation and Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Screening Analysis. November 16. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). 2006. Roadway Construction Noise Model User’s Guide. January. Washington, D.C. Website: www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/noise/construction_ noise/rcnm/rcnm.pdf (accessed March 2022). Federal Transit Administration (FTA). 2018. Transit Noise and Vibration Impact Assessment Manual. Office of Planning and Environment. Report No. 0123. September. Harris, Cyril M., editor. 1991. Handbook of Acoustical Measurements and Noise Control. Third Edition. LSA Associates, Inc. (LSA). 2016. Operational Noise Impact Analysis for Richmond Wholesale Meat Distribution Center. May. Ontario International Airport. 2018. Airport Land Use Compatibility Plan (ONT ALUCP) Policy Map 2- 3: Noise Impact Zones. State of California. 2020. 2019 California Green Building Standards Code. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1978. Protective Noise Levels, Condensed Version of EPA Levels Document, EPA 550/9-79-100. November. NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» APPENDIX A NOISE MONITORING DATA Noise Measurement Survey – 24 HR Project Number: ESL2201.20 Test Personnel: Kevin Nguyendo Project Name: Slover Avenue Industrial Equipment: Spark 706RC (SN:18907) Site Number: LT-1 Date: 4/25/22 Time: From 11:00 a.m. To 11:00 a.m. Site Location: Located south of project site along the backyard wall shared with address 15958 Aliso Dr near the trees on a light pole. Primary Noise Sources: Dogs barking in the backyard of 15958 Aliso Dr. Noise from loading/unloading of heavy duty trucks and forklift operations. Comments: 66 inch cement block wall with high voltage electrical fence between the two properties. Photo: Long-Term (24-Hour) Noise Level Measurement Results at LT-1 Start Time Date Noise Level (dBA) Leq Lmax Lmin 11:00 AM 4/25/22 56.9 74.9 48.2 12:00 PM 4/25/22 58.3 75.4 46.0 1:00 PM 4/25/22 60.0 79.0 43.9 2:00 PM 4/25/22 57.8 73.5 43.2 3:00 PM 4/25/22 53.4 71.3 43.6 4:00 PM 4/25/22 56.8 79.8 43.0 5:00 PM 4/25/22 57.4 71.7 49.1 6:00 PM 4/25/22 57.0 72.4 48.5 7:00 PM 4/25/22 59.4 72.2 46.2 8:00 PM 4/25/22 52.9 71.2 45.1 9:00 PM 4/25/22 54.7 70.6 40.5 10:00 PM 4/25/22 53.6 67.1 44.5 11:00 PM 4/25/22 55.5 69.2 47.8 12:00 AM 4/26/22 55.4 69.5 49.9 1:00 AM 4/26/22 55.0 66.4 48.6 2:00 AM 4/26/22 53.4 69.7 47.6 3:00 AM 4/26/22 56.5 69.1 49.8 4:00 AM 4/26/22 55.9 71.2 48.4 5:00 AM 4/26/22 64.4 73.8 54.1 6:00 AM 4/26/22 59.2 74.7 53.3 7:00 AM 4/26/22 60.3 73.3 55.7 8:00 AM 4/26/22 59.0 75.3 48.0 9:00 AM 4/26/22 62.1 79.7 46.2 10:00 AM 4/26/22 59.8 74.7 43.8 Source: Compiled by LSA Associates, Inc. (2022). dBA = A-weighted decibel Leq = equivalent continuous sound level Lmax = maximum instantaneous noise level Lmin = minimum measured sound level Noise Measurement Survey – 24 HR Project Number: ESL2201.20 Test Personnel: Kevin Nguyendo Project Name: Slover Avenue Industrial Equipment: Spark 706RC (SN:18908) Site Number: LT-2 Date: 4/25/22 Time: From 12:00 p.m. To 12:00 p.m. Site Location: Located on light pole near northwest corner of the adjacent high school parking lot, along Citrus Ave. Primary Noise Sources: Regular traffic on Citrus Ave. Comments: Original monitoring location (further away from Citrus Ave.) was fenced off for earthwork activity, so the monitor was placed on a light pole closer to Citrus Ave. Photo: Long-Term (24-Hour) Noise Level Measurement Results at LT-2 Start Time Date Noise Level (dBA) Leq Lmax Lmin 12:00 PM 4/25/22 70.6 86.9 49.6 1:00 PM 4/25/22 70.4 88.4 48.5 2:00 PM 4/25/22 69.6 89.3 48.0 3:00 PM 4/25/22 69.3 85.4 46.2 4:00 PM 4/25/22 70.5 86.1 49.1 5:00 PM 4/25/22 70.9 85.8 52.3 6:00 PM 4/25/22 70.7 93.4 51.8 7:00 PM 4/25/22 69.2 84.7 51.8 8:00 PM 4/25/22 67.9 86.6 48.8 9:00 PM 4/25/22 67.0 81.5 46.3 10:00 PM 4/25/22 66.8 84.6 49.5 11:00 PM 4/25/22 64.9 84.3 50.6 12:00 AM 4/26/22 63.8 83.6 50.9 1:00 AM 4/26/22 63.3 82.2 48.8 2:00 AM 4/26/22 63.4 81.9 49.7 3:00 AM 4/26/22 66.6 87.6 52.6 4:00 AM 4/26/22 69.1 91.3 51.8 5:00 AM 4/26/22 70.3 88.8 55.0 6:00 AM 4/26/22 71.3 92.6 55.0 7:00 AM 4/26/22 71.6 87.5 57.5 8:00 AM 4/26/22 70.9 89.0 53.6 9:00 AM 4/26/22 70.1 83.3 52.2 10:00 AM 4/26/22 69.9 85.8 51.2 11:00 AM 4/26/22 69.3 86.1 49.7 Source: Compiled by LSA Associates, Inc. (2022). dBA = A-weighted decibel Leq = equivalent continuous sound level Lmax = maximum instantaneous noise level Lmin = minimum measured sound level NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» APPENDIX B CONSTRUCTION NOISE LEVEL CALCULATIONS Phase: Demolition Lmax Leq Concrete Saw 1 90 20 50 0.5 90 83 Excavator 3 81 40 50 0.5 81 82 Dozer 2 82 40 50 0.5 82 81 Combined at 50 feet 91 87 Combined at Receptor 450 feet 72 68 Phase: Site Preparation Lmax Leq Dozer 3 82 40 50 0.5 82 83 Tractor 4 84 40 50 0.5 84 86 Combined at 50 feet 86 88 Combined at Receptor 450 feet 67 69 Combined at Receptor 475 feet 67 68 Combined at Receptor 705 feet 63 65 Combined at Receptor 925 feet 61 62 Phase: Grading Lmax Leq Excavator 2 81 40 50 0.5 81 80 Grader 1 85 40 50 0.5 85 81 Dozer 1 82 40 50 0.5 82 78 Scraper 2 84 40 50 0.5 84 83 Tractor 2 84 40 50 0.5 84 83 Combined at 50 feet 88 85 Combined at Receptor 450 feet 69 66 Phase:Building Construstion Lmax Leq Crane 1 81 16 50 0.5 81 73 Man Lift 3 75 20 50 0.5 75 73 Generator 1 81 50 50 0.5 81 78 Tractor 3 84 40 50 0.5 84 85 Welder / Torch 1 74 40 50 0.5 74 70 Combined at 50 feet 87 86 Combined at Receptor 450 feet 68 67 Phase:Paving Lmax Leq Paver 2 77 50 50 0.5 77 77 All Other Equipment > 5 HP 2 85 50 50 0.5 85 85 Roller 2 80 20 50 0.5 80 76 Combined at 50 feet 87 86 Combined at Receptor 450 feet 68 67 Phase:Architectural Coating Lmax Leq Compressor (air)1 78 40 50 0.5 78 74 Combined at 50 feet 78 74 Combined at Receptor 450 feet 59 55 Sources: RCNM 1- Percentage of time that a piece of equipment is operating at full power. dBA – A-weighted Decibels Lmax- Maximum Level Leq- Equivalent Level Noise Level (dBA) Construction Calculations Equipment Quantity Reference (dBA) 50 ft Lmax Usage Factor1 Distance to Receptor (ft) Ground Effects Noise Level (dBA) Equipment Quantity Reference (dBA) 50 ft Lmax Usage Factor1 Distance to Receptor (ft) Ground Effects Noise Level (dBA) Noise Level (dBA) Ground Effects Noise Level (dBA)Equipment Quantity Reference (dBA) 50 ft Lmax Usage Factor1 Distance to Receptor (ft) Noise Level (dBA)Equipment Quantity Reference (dBA) 50 ft Lmax Usage Factor1 Distance to Receptor (ft) Ground Effects Ground Effects Equipment Quantity Reference (dBA) 50 ft Lmax Usage Factor1 Distance to Receptor (ft) Ground Effects Equipment Quantity Reference (dBA) 50 ft Lmax Usage Factor1 Distance to Receptor (ft) NOISE AND VIBRATION IMPACT ANALYSIS JANUARY 2023 16025 SLOVER AVENUE WAREHOUSE PROJECT FONTANA, CALIFORNIA P:\ESL2201.20\Products\Noise\16025 Slover Avenue Warehouse Project NV_02082023.docx «02/08/23» APPENDIX C SOUNDPLAN NOISE MODEL PRINTOUTS 16025 Slover Warehouse Project No. ESL2201.20 Project Operational Noise Levels - Hourly Leq Hourly Noise Level (dBA Leq) <=45.0 45.0<<=48.0 48.0<<=51.0 51.0<<=54.0 54.0<<=57.0 57.0<<=60.0 60.0<<=63.0 63.0<<=66.0 66.0<<=69.0 69.0<<=72.0 72.0<<=75.075.0< Scale 0 50 100 200 300 400feet Signs and symbols Point source Main building Point receiver 70 dBA Leq - Daytime 65 dBA Leq - Nighttime Leq C:\Users\JStephens\OneDrive - LSA Associates\DESKTOP\SOUNDPLAN\ESL2201.20 - 16025 Slover Warehouse\Hourly Leq.sgs - last edit 1/30/2023 16025 Slover Warehouse Project No. ESL2201.20 Project Operational Noise Levels - Daily Noise Level - CNEL Daily Noise Level (dBA CNEL) <=30 30 <<=33 33 <<=36 36 <<=39 39 <<=42 42 <<=45 45 <<=48 48 <<=51 51 <<=54 54 <<=57 57 <<=60 60 < Scale 0 50 100 200 300 400feet Signs and symbols Point source Main building Point receiver 65 dBA CNEL C:\Users\JStephens\OneDrive - LSA Associates\DESKTOP\SOUNDPLAN\ESL2201.20 - 16025 Slover Warehouse\Daily Noise Level CNEL.sgs - last edit 2/8/2023