HomeMy WebLinkAboutAppendix E - Cultural Resources StudyA CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDY FOR THE
POPLAR SOUTH DISTRIBUTION CENTER
PROJECT
CITY OF FONTANA,
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
APNs 0237-171-01 to -19 and
0237-172-01 to -12, -19, -22, -23, -26 to -28, and -30 to -33
Submitted to:
City of Fontana
Community Development Department
8353 Sierra Avenue
Fontana, California 92335
Prepared for:
EPD Solutions
2355 Main Street, Suite 100
Irvine, California 92614
Prepared by:
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
August 5, 2022
A Cultural Resources Study for the Poplar South Distribution Center Project
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Archaeological Database Information
Authors: Andrew J. Garrison, M.A., RPA., and Brian F. Smith, M.A.
Consulting Firm: Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
(858) 679-8218
Report Date: August 5, 2022
Report Title: A Cultural Resources Study for the Poplar South Distribution
Center Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County,
California (0237-171-01 to -19 and 0237-172-01 to -12, -19, -22,
-23, -26 to -28, and -30 to -33)
Submitted to: City of Fontana
Community Development Department
8353 Sierra Avenue
Fontana, California 92335
Prepared for: EPD Solutions
2355 Main Street, Suite 100
Irvine, California 92614
Prepared by: Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
USGS Quadrangle: Fontana, California (7.5 minute)
Study Area: 18.8 acres
Key Words: USGS Fontana Quadrangle (7.5 minute); archaeological survey;
33 historic-era residential properties identified; additional study
of historic-era properties recommended; archaeological
monitoring recommended.
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Table of Contents
Section Page
I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1
II. SETTING .................................................................................................................. 1
Natural Environment ............................................................................................... 1
Cultural Environment .............................................................................................. 5
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 18
IV. SCOPE OF WORK .................................................................................................. 18
Research Goals ........................................................................................................ 18
Data Needs ............................................................................................................... 19
Applicable Regulations ........................................................................................... 20
V. RESULTS OF THE STUDY ................................................................................... 22
Background Research and Results of Records Searches ...................................... 22
Field Reconnaissance ............................................................................................. 24
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................... 29
VII.CERTIFICATION .................................................................................................... 30
VIII. REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 30
Appendices
Appendix A – Resumes of Key Personnel
Appendix B – Archaeological Records Search Results*
Appendix C – NAHC Sacred Lands File Search Results*
*Deleted for public review and bound separately in the Confidential Appendix
List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1 General Location Map ................................................................................ 2
Figure 2 Project Location Map (USGS) .................................................................... 3
Figure 3 Site Plan ...................................................................................................... 4
Figure 4 Historic Address Location Map ................................................................ 28
A Cultural Resources Study for the Poplar South Distribution Center Project
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List of Plates
Plate Page
Plate 1 Overview of 11006 Catawba Avenue (northeast corner of the project),
facing west ................................................................................................ 25
Plate 2 Overview of 11083 Poplar Avenue (southwest corner of the project),
facing east ................................................................................................. 25
List of Tables
Table Page
Table 1 Archaeological Sites Recorded Within a One-Half-Mile Radius of the
Poplar South Distribution Center Project ................................................. 23
Table 2 Historic-Era Residences Identified Within the Poplar South
Distribution Center Project ....................................................................... 26
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I. INTRODUCTION
In response to a requirement by the City of Fontana, Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
(BFSA) conducted an archaeological survey of the 18.8-acre Poplar South Distribution Center
Project. This project includes 41 separate residential parcels (Assessor’s Parcel Numbers [APNs]
0237-171-01 to -19 and 0237-172-01 to -12, -19, -22, -23, and -26 to -28 and -30 to -33) along
Rose Avenue between Poplar and Catawba avenues in the city of Fontana, San Bernardino County
(Figure 1). On the U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute, 1:24,000-scale Fontana, California
topographic quadrangle map, the project is situated within Section 25, Township 1 South, Range
6 West, of the San Bernardino Baseline and Meridian (Figure 2). The proposed project consists
of the construction of an industrial warehouse building with associated parking and infrastructure
(Figure 3).
The archaeological survey was conducted on June 7, 2022 in order to determine if cultural
resources exist within the property and if the project represents a potential adverse impact to
cultural resources. The survey identified 33 historic-era residential properties. As such, further
study and evaluation of the residential structures in accordance with the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA) is recommended. As part of this study, a copy of the report will be submitted
to the South Central Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) at California State University, Fullerton
(CSU Fullerton). All investigations conducted by BFSA related to this project conformed to
CEQA and City of Fontana environmental guidelines.
II. SETTING
Natural Environment
The Poplar South Distribution Center Project is generally located in southwestern San
Bernardino County in the city of Fontana. The project is located near the western margin and
distal southern end of the broad Lytle Creek alluvial fan, which emanates from the San Gabriel
Mountains approximately nine to 10 miles to the north as a result of uplift and dissection of the
eastern San Gabriel Mountains (Wirths 2022). The main source of these sediments is from the
Lytle Creek drainage, near where the northwest-southeast-trending San Andreas fault zone cuts
across and separates the San Gabriel and San Bernardino mountain ranges (Morton and Miller
2006). Geomorphically, the project is relatively flat-lying, with a gentle slope to the southwest.
The project is underlain by Holocene and late Pleistocene (present day to approximately 120,000
years ago [Cohen and Gibbard 2011]) young alluvial fan sediments of the Lytle Creek fan. These
deposits are underlain by late to middle Pleistocene (approximately 11,700 to 780,000 years ago
[Cohen and Gibbard 2011]) old alluvial fan deposits that occur as slightly raised areas protruding
through the surrounding young alluvial fan sediments. Soils within the project are characterized
as Tujunga loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes (NRCS 2022).
Figure 1
General Location Map
The Poplar South Distribution Center Project
DeLorme (1 :250,000)
2
Figure 2
Project Location Map
The Poplar South Distribution Center Project
USGS Fontana Quadrangle (7.5-minute series)
3
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Project Development Map
The Poplar South Distribution Center Project
4
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During the prehistoric period, vegetation near the project provided sufficient food
resources to support prehistoric human occupants. Animals that inhabited the project during
prehistoric times included mammals such as rabbits, squirrels, gophers, mice, rats, deer, and
coyotes, in addition to a variety of reptiles and amphibians. Fresh water was likely obtainable
from the Chino Creek, Cucamonga Creek, and the Santa Ana River. Historically, the property
likely contained the same plant and animal species that are present today.
Currently, the property is entirely developed containing 41 individual residential parcels,
many with associated detached garages, sheds, and other ancillary structures. According to aerial
photographs, the property was utilized agriculturally as early as the 1930s. By 1948, the subject
property was in the process of being cleared and developed for rural residential use which
increased throughout the twentieth century. No natural features often associated with prehistoric
sites, such as bedrock outcropping or natural sources of water, are located within the subject
property.
Cultural Environment
Paleo Indian, Archaic Period Milling Stone Horizon, and the Late Prehistoric Shoshonean
groups are the three general cultural periods represented in San Bernardino County. The following
discussion of the cultural history of San Bernardino County references the San Dieguito Complex,
the Encinitas Tradition, the Milling Stone Horizon, the La Jolla Complex, the Pauma Complex,
and the San Luis Rey Complex, since these culture sequences have been used to describe
archaeological manifestations in the region. The Late Prehistoric component in the southwestern
area of San Bernardino County was represented by the Gabrielino and Serrano Indians. According
to Kroeber (1976), the Serrano probably owned a stretch of the Sierra Madre from Cucamonga
east to above Mentone and halfway up to San Timoteo Canyon, including the San Bernardino
Valley and just missing Riverside County. However, Kroeber (1976) also states that this area has
been assigned to the Gabrielino, “which would be a more natural division of topography, since it
would leave the Serrano pure mountaineers.”
Absolute chronological information, where possible, will be incorporated into this
discussion to examine the effectiveness of continuing to use these terms interchangeably.
Reference will be made to the geologic framework that divides the culture chronology of the area
into four segments: late Pleistocene (20,000 to 10,000 years before the present [YBP]), early
Holocene (10,000 to 6,650 YBP), middle Holocene (6,650 to 3,350 YBP), and late Holocene
(3,350 to 200 YBP).
Paleo Indian Period (Late Pleistocene: 11,500 to circa 9,000 YBP)
The Paleo Indian Period is associated with the terminus of the late Pleistocene (12,000 to
10,000 YBP). The environment during the late Pleistocene was cool and moist, which allowed for
glaciation in the mountains and the formation of deep, pluvial lakes in the deserts and basin lands
(Moratto 1984). However, by the terminus of the late Pleistocene, the climate became warmer,
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which caused glaciers to melt, sea levels to rise, greater coastal erosion, large lakes to recede and
evaporate, extinction of Pleistocene megafauna, and major vegetation changes (Moratto 1984;
Martin 1967, 1973; Fagan 1991). The coastal shoreline at 10,000 YBP, depending upon the
particular area of the coast, was near the 30-meter isobath, or two to six kilometers further west
than its present location (Masters 1983).
Paleo Indians were likely attracted to multiple habitat types, including mountains,
marshlands, estuaries, and lakeshores. These people likely subsisted using a more generalized
hunting, gathering, and collecting adaptation, utilizing a variety of resources including birds,
mollusks, and both large and small mammals (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Moratto 1984; Moss
and Erlandson 1995).
Archaic Period (Early and Middle Holocene: circa 9000 to 1300 YBP)
The Archaic Period of prehistory began with the onset of the Holocene circa 9,000 YBP.
The transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene was a period of major environmental change
throughout North America (Antevs 1953; Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). The general
warming trend caused sea levels to rise, lakes to evaporate, and drainage patterns to change. In
southern California, the general climate at the beginning of the early Holocene was marked by
cool/moist periods and an increase in warm/dry periods and sea levels. The coastal shoreline at
8,000 YBP, depending upon the particular area of the coast, was near the 20-meter isobath, or one
to four kilometers further west than its present location (Masters 1983).
The rising sea level during the early Holocene created rocky shorelines and bays along the
coast by flooding valley floors and eroding the coastline (Curray 1965; Inman 1983). Shorelines
were primarily rocky with small littoral cells, as sediments were deposited at bay edges but rarely
discharged into the ocean (Reddy 2000). These bays eventually evolved into lagoons and
estuaries, which provided a rich habitat for mollusks and fish. The warming trend and rising sea
levels generally continued until the late Holocene (4,000 to 3,500 YBP).
At the beginning of the late Holocene, sea levels stabilized, rocky shores declined, lagoons
filled with sediment, and sandy beaches became established (Gallegos 1985; Inman 1983; Masters
1994; Miller 1966; Warren and Pavesic 1963). Many former lagoons became saltwater marshes
surrounded by coastal sage scrub by the late Holocene (Gallegos 2002). The sedimentation of the
lagoons was significant in that it had profound effects upon the types of resources available to
prehistoric peoples. Habitat was lost for certain large mollusks, namely Chione and Argopecten,
but habitat was gained for other small mollusks, particularly Donax (Gallegos 1985; Reddy 2000).
The changing lagoon habitats resulted in the decline of larger shellfish, the loss of drinking water,
and the loss of Torrey Pine nuts, causing a major depopulation of the coast as people shifted inland
to reliable freshwater sources and intensified their exploitation of terrestrial small game and plants,
including acorns (originally proposed by Rogers 1929; Gallegos 2002).
The Archaic Period in southern California is associated with a number of different cultures,
complexes, traditions, horizons, and periods, including San Dieguito, La Jolla, Encinitas, Milling
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Stone, Pauma, and Intermediate.
Late Prehistoric Period (Late Holocene: 1,300 YBP to 1790)
Approximately 1,350 YBP, a Shoshonean-speaking group from the Great Basin region
moved into San Bernardino County, marking the transition into the Late Prehistoric Period. This
period has been characterized by higher population densities and elaborations in social, political,
and technological systems. Economic systems diversified and intensified during this period, with
the continued elaboration of trade networks, the use of shell-bead currency, and the appearance of
more labor-intensive, yet effective, technological innovations. Technological developments
during this period included the introduction of the bow and arrow between A.D. 400 and 600 and
the introduction of ceramics. Atlatl darts were replaced by smaller arrow darts, including the
Cottonwood series points. Other hallmarks of the Late Prehistoric Period include extensive trade
networks as far reaching as the Colorado River Basin and cremation of the dead.
Protohistoric Period (Late Holocene: 1790 to Present)
Gabrielino
The territory of the Gabrielino at the time of Spanish contact covers much of present-day
Los Angeles and Orange counties. The southern extent of this culture area is bounded by Aliso
Creek, the eastern extent is located east of present-day San Bernardino along the Santa Ana River,
the northern extent includes the San Fernando Valley, and the western extent includes portions of
the Santa Monica Mountains. The Gabrielino also occupied several Channel Islands including
Santa Barbara Island, Santa Catalina Island, San Nicholas Island, and San Clemente Island.
Because of their access to certain resources, including a steatite source from Santa Catalina Island,
this group was among the wealthiest and most populous aboriginal groups in all of southern
California. Trade of materials and resources controlled by the Gabrielino extended as far north as
the San Joaquin Valley, as far east as the Colorado River, and as far south as Baja California (Bean
and Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
The Gabrielino lived in permanent villages and smaller resource gathering camps occupied
at various times of the year depending upon the seasonality of the resource. Larger villages were
comprised of several families or clans, while smaller seasonal camps typically housed smaller
family units. The coastal area between San Pedro and Topanga Canyon was the location of
primary subsistence villages, while secondary sites were located near inland sage stands, oak
groves, and pine forests. Permanent villages were located along rivers and streams, as well as in
sheltered areas along the coast. As previously mentioned, the Channel Islands were also the
locations of relatively large settlements (Bean and Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
Resources procured along the coast and on the islands were primarily marine in nature and
included tuna, swordfish, ray, shark, California sea lion, Stellar sea lion, harbor seal, northern
elephant seal, sea otter, dolphin, porpoise, various waterfowl species, numerous fish species,
purple sea urchin, and mollusks such as rock scallop, California mussel, and limpet. Inland
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resources included oak acorn, pine nut, Mohave yucca, cacti, sage, grass nut, deer, rabbit, hare,
rodent, quail, duck, and a variety of reptiles such as western pond turtle and snakes (Bean and
Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
The social structure of the Gabrielino is little known; however, there appears to have been
at least three social classes: 1) the elite, which included the rich, chiefs, and their immediate family;
2) a middle class, which included people of relatively high economic status or long-established
lineages; and 3) a class of people that included most other individuals in the society. Villages were
politically autonomous units comprised of several lineages. During times of the year when certain
seasonal resources were available, the village would divide into lineage groups and move out to
exploit them, returning to the village between forays (Bean and Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
Each lineage had its own leader, with the village chief coming from the dominant lineage.
Several villages might be allied under a paramount chief. Chiefly positions were of an ascribed
status, most often passed to the eldest son. Chiefly duties included providing village cohesion,
leading warfare and peace negotiations with other groups, collecting tribute from the village(s)
under his jurisdiction, and arbitrating disputes within the village(s). The status of the chief was
legitimized by his safekeeping of the sacred bundle, which was a representation of the link between
the material and spiritual realms and the embodiment of power (Bean and Smith 1978a; Kroeber
1976).
Shamans were leaders in the spirit realm. The duties of the shaman included conducting
healing and curing ceremonies, guarding the sacred bundle, locating lost items, identifying and
collecting poisons for arrows, and making rain (Bean and Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
Marriages were made between individuals of equal social status and, in the case of
powerful lineages, marriages were arranged to establish political ties between the lineages (Bean
and Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
Men conducted the majority of the heavy labor, hunting, fishing, and trading with other
groups. Women’s duties included gathering and preparing plant and animal resources, and making
baskets, pots, and clothing (Bean and Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
Gabrielino houses were domed, circular structures made of thatched vegetation. Houses
varied in size and could house from one to several families. Sweathouses (semicircular, earth-
covered buildings) were public structures used in male social ceremonies. Other structures
included menstrual huts and a ceremonial structure called a yuvar, an open-air structure built near
the chief’s house (Bean and Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
Clothing was minimal. Men and children most often went naked, while women wore
deerskin or bark aprons. In cold weather, deerskin, rabbit fur, or bird skin (with feathers intact)
cloaks were worn. Island and coastal groups used sea otter fur for cloaks. In areas of rough terrain,
yucca fiber sandals were worn. Women often used red ochre on their faces and skin for adornment
or protection from the sun. Adornment items included feathers, fur, shells, and beads (Bean and
Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
Hunting implements included wood clubs, sinew-backed bows, slings, and throwing clubs.
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Maritime implements included rafts, harpoons, spears, hook and line, and nets. A variety of other
tools included deer scapulae saws, bone and shell needles, bone awls, scrapers, bone or shell
flakers, wedges, stone knives and drills, metates, mullers, manos, shell spoons, bark platters, and
wood paddles and bowls. Baskets were made from rush, deer grass, and skunkbush. Baskets were
fashioned for hoppers, plates, trays, and winnowers for leaching, straining, and gathering. Baskets
were also used for storing, preparing, and serving food, and for keeping personal and ceremonial
items (Bean and Smith 1978a; Kroeber 1976).
The Gabrielino had exclusive access to soapstone, or steatite, procured from Santa Catalina
Island quarries. This highly prized material was used for making pipes, animal carvings, ritual
objects, ornaments, and cooking utensils. The Gabrielino profited well from trading steatite since
it was valued so much by groups throughout southern California (Bean and Smith 1978a; Kroeber
1976).
Serrano
Aboriginally, the Serrano occupied an area east of present-day Los Angeles. According to
Bean and Smith (1978b), definitive boundaries are difficult to place for the Serrano due to their
sociopolitical organization and a lack of reliable data:
The Serrano were organized into autonomous localized lineages occupying
definite, favored territories, but rarely claiming any territory far removed from the
lineage’s home base. Since the entire dialectical group was neither politically
united nor amalgamated into supralineage groups, as many of their neighbors were,
one must speak in terms of generalized areas of usage rather than pan-tribal
holdings. (Strong [1929] in Bean and Smith 1978b)
However, researchers place the Serrano in the San Bernardino Mountains east of Cajon Pass and
at the base of and north of the mountains near Victorville, east to Twentynine Palms, and south to
the Yucaipa Valley (Bean and Smith 1978b). Serrano has been used broadly for languages in the
Takic family including Serrano, Kitanemuk, Vanyume, and Tataviam.
The Serrano were part of “exogamous clans, which in turn were affiliated with one of two
exogamous moieties, tukwutam (Wildcat) and wahiʔiam (Coyote)” (Bean and Smith 1978b).
According to Strong (1971), details such as number, structure, and function of the clans are
unknown. Instead, he states that clans were not political, but were rather structured based upon
“economic, marital, or ceremonial reciprocity, a pattern common throughout Southern California”
(Bean and Smith 1978b). The Serrano formed alliances amongst their own clans and with
Cahuilla, Chemehuevi, Gabrielino, and Cupeño clans (Bean and Smith 1978b). Clans were large,
autonomous, political and landholding units formed patrilineally, with all males descending from
a common male ancestor, including all wives and descendants of the males. However, even after
marriage, women would still keep their original lineage, and would still participate in those
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ceremonies (Bean and Smith 1978b).
According to Bean and Smith (1978b), the cosmogony and cosmography of the Serrano
are very similar to those of the Cahuilla:
There are twin creator gods, a creation myth told in “epic poem” style, each local
group having its own origin story, water babies whose crying foretells death,
supernatural beings of various kinds and on various hierarchically arranged power-
access levels, an Orpheus-like myth, mythical deer that no one can kill, and tales
relating the adventures (and misadventures) of Coyote, a tragicomic trickster-
transformer culture hero. (Bean [1962-1972] and Benedict [1924] in Bean and
Smith 1978b)
The Serrano had a shaman, a person who acquired their powers through dreams, which were
induced through ingestion of the hallucinogen datura. The shaman was mostly a curer/healer,
using herbal remedies and “sucking out the disease-causing agents” (Bean and Smith 1978b).
Serrano village locations were typically located near water sources. Individual family
dwellings were likely circular, domed structures. Daily household activities would either take
place outside of the house out in the open, or under a ramada constructed of a thatched willow pole
roof held up by four or more poles inserted into the ground. Families could consist of a husband,
wife/wives, unmarried female children, married male children, the husband’s parents, and/or
widowed aunts and uncles. Rarely, an individual would occupy his own house, typically in the
mountains. Serrano villages also included a large ceremonial house where the lineage leader
would live, which served as the religious center for lineages or lineage-sets, granaries, and
sweathouses (Bean and Smith 1978b).
The Serrano were primarily hunters and gatherers. Vegetal staples varied with locality.
Acorns and piñon nuts were found in the foothills, and mesquite, yucca roots, cacti fruits, and
piñon nuts were found in or near the desert regions. Diets were supplemented with other roots,
bulbs, shoots, and seeds (Heizer 1978). Deer, mountain sheep, antelopes, rabbits, and other small
rodents were among the principal food packages. Various game birds, especially quail, were also
hunted. The bow and arrow was used for large game, while smaller game and birds were killed
with curved throwing sticks, traps, and snares. Occasionally, game was hunted communally, often
during mourning ceremonies (Benedict 1924; Drucker 1937; Heizer 1978). Earth ovens were used
to cook meat, bones were boiled to extract marrow, and blood was either drunk cold or cooked to
a thicker consistency and then eaten. Some meat and vegetables were sun-dried and stored. Food
acquisition and processing required the manufacture of additional items such as knives, stone or
bone scrapers, pottery trays and bowls, bone or horn spoons, and stirrers. Mortars, made of either
stone or wood, and metates were also manufactured (Strong 1971; Drucker 1937; Benedict 1924).
The Serrano were very similar technologically to the Cahuilla. In general, manufactured
goods included baskets, some pottery, rabbit-skin blankets, awls, arrow straighteners, sinew-
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backed bows, arrows, fire drills, stone pipes, musical instruments (rattles, rasps, whistles, bull-
roarers, and flutes), feathered costumes, mats for floor and wall coverings, bags, storage pouches,
cordage (usually comprised of yucca fiber), and nets (Heizer 1978).
Historic Period
The historic background of the project area began with the Spanish colonization of Alta
California. The first Spanish colonizing expedition reached southern California in 1769 with the
intention of converting and civilizing the indigenous populations, as well as expanding the
knowledge of and access to new resources in the region (Brigandi 1998). As a result, by the late
eighteenth century, a large portion of southern California was overseen by Mission San Luis Rey
(San Diego County), Mission San Juan Capistrano (Orange County), and Mission San Gabriel
(Los Angeles County), who began colonization the region and surrounding areas (Chapman 1921).
Up until this time, the only known way to feasibly travel from Sonora to Alta California
was by sea. In 1774, Juan Bautista de Anza, an army captain at Tubac, requested and was given
permission by the governor of the Mexican State of Sonora to establish an overland route from
Sonora to Monterey (Chapman 1921). In doing so, Juan Bautista de Anza passed through what is
now Riverside County and described the area in writing for the first time (Caughey 1970; Chapman
1921). In 1797, Father Presidente Lausen (of Mission San Diego de Alcalá), Father Norberto de
Santiago, and Corporal Pedro Lisalde (of Mission San Juan Capistrano) led an expedition through
southwestern Riverside County in search of a new mission site to establish a presence between
San Diego and San Juan Capistrano (Engelhardt 1921). Their efforts ultimately resulted in the
establishment of Mission San Luis Rey in Oceanside, California.
Each mission gained power through the support of a large, subjugated Native American
workforce. As the missions grew, livestock holdings increased and became more vulnerable to
theft. In order to protect their interests, the southern California missions began to expand inland
to try and provide additional security (Beattie and Beattie 1939; Caughey 1970). In order to meet
their needs, the Spaniards embarked on a formal expedition in 1806 to find potential locations
within what is now the San Bernardino Valley. As a result, by 1810, Father Francisco Dumetz of
Mission San Gabriel had succeeded in establishing a religious site, or capilla, at a Cahuilla
rancheria called Guachama (Beattie and Beattie 1939). San Bernardino Valley received its name
from this site, which was dedicated to San Bernardino de Siena by Father Dumetz. The Guachama
rancheria was located in present-day Bryn Mawr in San Bernardino County.
These early colonization efforts were followed by the establishment of estancias at Puente
(circa 1816) and San Bernardino (circa 1819) near Guachama (Beattie and Beattie 1939). These
efforts were soon mirrored by the Spaniards from Mission San Luis Rey, who in turn established
a presence in what is now Lake Elsinore, Temecula, and Murrieta (Chapman 1921). The
indigenous groups who occupied these lands were recruited by missionaries, converted, and put to
work in the missions (Pourade 1961). Throughout this period, the Native American populations
were decimated by introduced diseases, a drastic shift in diet resulting in poor nutrition, and social
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conflicts due to the introduction of an entirely new social order (Cook 1976).
Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1822 and became a federal republic in 1824.
As a result, both Baja and Alta California were classified as territories (Rolle 1969). Shortly
thereafter, the Mexican Republic sought to grant large tracts of private land to its citizens to begin
to encourage immigration to California and to establish its presence in the region. Part of the
establishment of power and control included the desecularization of the missions circa 1832.
These same missions were also located on some of the most fertile land in California and were
considered highly valuable as a result. The resulting land grants, known as “ranchos,” covered
expansive portions of California and by 1846, more than 600 land grants had been issued by the
Mexican government. Rancho Jurupa was the first rancho to be established and was issued to Juan
Bandini in 1838. Although Bandini primarily resided in San Diego, Rancho Jurupa was located
in what is now Riverside County (Pourade 1963).
The treatment of Native Americans grew worse during the Rancho Period. Most of the
Native Americans were forced off of their land or put to work on the now privately-owned ranchos,
most often as slave labor. In light of the brutal ranchos, the degree to which Native Americans
had become dependent upon the mission system is evident when, in 1838, a group of Native
Americans from Mission San Luis Rey petitioned government officials in San Diego to relieve
suffering at the hands of the rancheros:
We have suffered incalculable losses, for some of which we are in part to be blamed
for because many of us have abandoned the Mission … We plead and beseech you
… to grant us a Rev. Father for this place. We have been accustomed to the Rev.
Fathers and to their manner of managing the duties. We labored under their
intelligent directions, and we were obedient to the Fathers according to the
regulations, because we considered it as good for us. (Brigandi 1998:21)
Native American culture had been disrupted to the point where they could no longer rely
upon prehistoric subsistence and social patterns. Not only does this illustrate how dependent the
Native Americans had become upon the missionaries, but it also indicates a marked contrast in the
way the Spanish treated the Native Americans compared to the Mexican and United States
ranchers. Spanish colonialism (missions) is based upon utilizing human resources while
integrating them into their society. The Mexican and American ranchers did not accept Native
Americans into their social order and used them specifically for the extraction of labor, resources,
and profit. Rather than being incorporated, they were either subjugated or exterminated (Cook
1976).
By 1846, tensions between the United States and Mexico had escalated to the point of war
(Rolle 1969). In order to reach a peaceful agreement, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was put
into effect in 1848, which resulted in the annexation of California to the United States. Once
California opened to the United States, waves of settlers moved in searching for gold mines,
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business opportunities, political opportunities, religious freedom, and adventure (Rolle 1969;
Caughey 1970). By 1850, California had become a state and was eventually divided into 27
separate counties. While a much larger population was now settling in California, this was
primarily in the central valley, San Francisco, and the Gold Rush region of the Sierra Nevada
mountain range (Rolle 1969; Caughey 1970). During this time, southern California grew at a much
slower pace than northern California and was still dominated by the cattle industry established
during the earlier rancho period.
During the same decade, circa 1852, the Native Americans of southern Riverside County,
including the Luiseño and the Cahuilla, thought they had signed a treaty resulting in their
ownership of all lands from Temecula to Aguanga east to the desert, including the San Jacinto
Valley and the San Gorgonio Pass. The Temecula Treaty also included food and clothing
provisions for the Native Americans. However, Congress never ratified these treaties, and the
promise of one large reservation was rescinded (Brigandi 1998).
With the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1869, southern California saw its
first major population expansion. The population boom continued circa 1874 with the completion
of connections between the Southern Pacific Railroad in Sacramento to the transcontinental
Central Pacific Railroad in Los Angeles (Rolle 1969; Caughey 1970). The population influx
brought farmers, land speculators, and prospective developers to the region.
General History of the City of Fontana
In 1869, Andrew Jackson Pope, cofounder of the Pope & Talbot Company, a lumber dealer
based out of San Francisco (Ancestry.com 2009a, 2009b; University of Washington Libraries,
Special Collections 2018), purchased 3,840 acres of land in San Bernardino County as part of the
Land Act of 1820. “During the ensuing years, Andrew Pope and W.C. Talbot acquired other
properties in the West, chiefly in California. By 1874, they owned a real estate empire, including
almost 80,000 acres of ranch lands” (World Forestry Center 2017).
Pope passed away in 1878 amid water rights conflicts between grant owners (himself) and
settlers surrounding his Fontana-area lands. As a result of the water rights conflict, in which the
United States Supreme Court sided with the grant owners, the Lytle Creek Water Company was
formed in 1881. The purpose of the Lytle Creek Water Company was to:
[U]nify the interests of appropriators to the stream, to fight the grant owners. These
latter had the law on their side, but the settlers had the water, and were holding and
using it. An injunction was issued in favor of the grant owners, restraining the
settlers from using the water, but it was never enforced. The conflict was a long
and bitter one. In the meantime, the grant owners, and others operating with them,
quietly bought up the stock of the Lytle Creek Water Company, until enough to
control it was secured, and sold out these rights to the projectors of the Semi-tropic
Land and Water Company, with the riparian lands, which movement seems to have
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quieted the conflict. (Hall 1888)
The Semi-Tropic Land and Water Company was incorporated in 1887. That year, the company
platted the settlement of Rosena, but no structures were erected. By 1888, the company had
acquired “something more than twenty-eight thousand five hundred acres of land, embracing the
channel of Lytle creek for ten miles” (Hall 1888). In the early 1900s:
The use of the automobile had grown considerably … and there was a need for
better roads, the The National Old Trails (N.O.T.) Association was organized to
promote a highway between Los Angeles and New York; which was aligned close
to the tracks of the AT & Santa Fe railroad through California and Arizona, passing
through Fontana. (Whittall 2020)
In 1903, San Bernardino contractor and agriculturist A.B. Miller and “his pioneer Fontana
Development Company purchased Rosena and by 1905, had begun the building of a farming
complex that included an assortment of barns, dining rooms, a 200-man bunk house, a kitchen, a
company store, as well as the ranch house used by the foreman” (Anicic 1982). By 1906, Miller
had also taken over the remainder of the Semi-Tropic Land and Water Company assets and created
the Fontana Farms Company and the Fontana Land Company. Afterward, Miller oversaw the
construction of an irrigation system that utilized the water from Lytle Creek, as well as the planting
of “half a million eucalyptus saplings as windbreaks” (Cornford 1995).
In 1913, the town of Fontana was platted between Foothill Boulevard and the Santa Fe
railroad tracks. That year, Foothill Boulevard was improved “and the Automobile Club of
Southern California’s map of 1912 shows the N.O.T. highway running on the north side of the
Santa Fe Railroad, passing through Rialto and heading straight, west until reaching Cucamonga”
(Whittall 2020). Much of the land to the south of the Fontana townsite was utilized as a hog farm,
while the remainder of the Fontana Farms Company land was subdivided into small farms. The
smaller “starter farms” were approximately 2.5 acres and the new owner was able to choose
between grapevines or walnut trees, all supplied by the Fontana Farms nursery.
“In 1926, the N.O.T. alignment became part of the newly created U.S. Highway 66. And
it was gradually improved and widened after that date” (Whittall 2020). “By 1930 the Fontana
Company had subdivided more than three thousand homesteads, half occupied by full-time
settlers, some of them immigrants from Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Italy” (Cornford 1995).
Kaiser Steel was founded in Fontana in the 1940s and became one of the main producers
of steel west of the Mississippi River. The facility was financed and built by the wartime
government agency known as the Defense Plant Corporation (DPC) and was one of two steel plants
in the west (Graves 2009). To provide for his workers’ health needs, Henry J. Kaiser constructed
the Fontana Kaiser Permanente medical facility, which is now the largest managed care
organization in the United States. According to Cornford (1995):
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For hundreds of Dustbowl refugees from the Southwest, still working in the
orchards at the beginning of World War Two, Kaiser Steel was the happy ending
to the Grapes of Wrath. Construction of the mill drained the San Bernardino Valley
of workers, creating an agricultural labor shortage that was not relieved until the
coming of the braceros in 1943. Kaiser originally believed that he could apply his
Richmond methods to shaping the Fontana workforce: leaving the construction
crews in place and “training them in ten days to make steel” under the guidance of
experts hired from the East. But he underestimated the craft knowledge and
folklore, communicated only through hereditary communities of steelworkers, that
were essential to making steel. Urgent appeals, therefore, were circulated through
the steel valleys of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia, recruiting draft-exempt
steel specialists for Fontana.[61]
The impact of five thousand steelworkers and their families on local rusticity was
predictably shattering. The available housing stock in Fontana and western San
Bernardino County (also coveted by incoming military families) was quickly
saturated. With few zoning ordinances to control the anarchy, temporary and
substandard shelters of every kind sprouted up in Fontana and neighboring districts
like Rialto, Bloomington, and Cucamonga. Most of the original blast furnace crew
was housed in a gerrybuilt trailer park known affectionately as “Kaiserville.” Later
arrivals were often forced to live out of their cars. The old Fontana Farms colonists
came under great pressure to sell to developers and speculators. Others converted
their chicken coops to shacks and rented them to single workers—a primitive
housing form that was still common through the 1950s.[62]
Although areas of Fontana retained their Millerian charm, especially the redtiled
village center along Sierra with its art-deco theater and prosperous stores,
boisterous, often rowdy, juke joints and roadhouses created a different ambience
along Arrow Highway and Foothill Boulevard. Neighboring Rialto—presumably
the location of Eddie Mars’s casino in Chandler’s The Big Sleep —acquired a
notorious reputation as a wide-open gambling center and L.A. mob hangout (a
reputation which it has recovered in the 1990s as the capital of the Inland Empire’s
crack gangs). Meanwhile the ceaseless truck traffic from the mill, together with the
town’s adjacency to Route 66 (and, today, to Interstates 10 and 15), made Fontana
a major regional trucking center, with bustling twenty-four-hour fuel stops and
cafes on its outskirts …
Boomtown Fontana of the 1940s ceased to be a coherent community or cultural
fabric. Instead it was a colorful but dissonant bricolage of Sunkist growers,
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Slovene chicken ranchers, gamblers, mobsters, over-the-road truckers,
industrialized Okies, braceros, the Army Air Corps (at nearby bases), and
transplanted steelworkers and their families.
Wallis (2018) elaborates:
Towards the tail end of the war, Kaiser would propose a massive steel deal in an
attempt to rejuvenate the Kaiser steel company. This deal would expand the
company because Kaiser foresaw a spike in postwar steel production. “At one point
he became expansive in the outlining of Los Angeles’ probable role in the immense
industrial development of Southern California. [3] Kaiser had a feeling that not
only would items like washing machines and stove production spike after the war
but rail and automobile production would spike as well. “…overall steel production
of 1,800,000 a year of steel products ranging from ships, washing machines,
housing structural shapes, utensils, roofing and stoves to rails and sheet metal for
tinplate and most size pipes.” [4] Kaisers deal and his bold productions would see
the companies steel production increase greatly after the war to a point where it
actually is said to have broken steel production records. “Henry J. Kaiser said in a
year-end statement today that a record breaking 853,000 tons of steel ingots were
produced at the Fontana plant in 1948.
Following the war:
… the [Kaiser] Health Plan in Fontana went public, and with the strong support of
labor unions like the Retail Clerks International Union and the International
Longshoremen and Warehousemen Union it began to grow throughout the region.
The first facility outside of Fontana was established in Harbor City in 1950 when
the entire West Coast ILWU signed up for the plan. (Cushing 2013)
At that time, Henry Kaiser expanded his efforts beyond the steel mill itself and into experimental
aviation and mass-produced housing. Although his “venture into experimental aviation was short-
lived,” he had “substantial success” in the field of mass-produced housing. “For two decades he
had been building homes for his dam and shipyard workers, even master planning entire
communities” (Cornford 1995). “Shortly after V-J Day Kaiser dramatically announced a ‘housing
revolution’” consisting of “‘a nearly 100 mile plant-to-site assembly line’ in Southern California
(where he predicted that immigration would reach a million per year in the immediate postwar
period)” (Cornford 1995). This assembly line consisted of the “construction of ten thousand
prefabricated homes in the Westchester, North Hollywood, and Panorama City areas” (Cornford
1995):
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After the turbulent, sometimes violent, transitions of the 1940s, Fontana settled
down into the routines of a young milltown. The Korean War boom enlarged the
Kaiser workforce by almost 50 per cent and stimulated a new immigration from the
East that reinforced the social weight of traditional steelworker families. The
company devoted new resources to organizing the leisure time of its employees,
while the union took a more active role in the community. The complex craft
subcultures of the plant intersected with ethnic self-organization to generate
competing cliques and differential pathways for mobility. At the same time, the
familiar sociology of plant-community interaction was overlaid by lifestyles
peculiar to Fontana’s Millerian heritage and its location on the borders of
metropolitan Los Angeles and the Mojave Desert. Although locals continued to
joke that Fontana was just Aliquippa with sunshine, it was evolving into a sui
generis working-class community. (Cornford 1995).
The increased immigration to the area during and after the war created a housing boom
equivalent to that seen in other areas focused upon wartime production, such as San Diego (City
of San Diego 2007) and Seattle (Stropes et al. 2019). One of the most common architectural styles
during the Post-war boom was the Minimal Traditional style. Between 1935 and 1950, the
Minimal Traditional home was one of the few designs approved by the Federal Housing
Administration (FHA). “In an explosion of building at the war’s end, 5.1 million homes were built
between 1946 and 1949. Minimal Traditionals made up a significant portion of these” (McAlester
2015). “By 1950 the Minimal Traditional was being replaced by Ranch homes. Postwar prosperity
meant that larger homes could be built and financed, and the Ranch was a perfect fit for the tastes
of a new decade” (McAlester 2015).
The city of Fontana was incorporated on June 25, 1952 “and shortly after, the freeway
system in LA would start to divert traffic away from Route 66” (Whittall 2020). However, despite
traffic being diverted away from the Fontana area:
In the 1950s and ’60s, Fontana was home to a drag racing strip that was a venue in
the NHRA circuit. Mickey Thompson’s Fontana International Dragway was also
referred to as Fontana Drag City or Fontana Drag Strip. The original Fontana strip
is long since defunct, but the owners of NASCAR’s new Auto Club
Speedway opened a new NHRA-sanctioned drag strip in Fontana in mid-2006 to
resurrect Fontana’s drag-racing heritage. (Kiddle Encyclopedia 2022)
“In 1964, Route 66 was replaced by the freeway and two years later, Fontana joined the city of
Duarte trying to have a large sign posted in San Bernardino to announce that Route 66 remained a
through route into Los Angeles, they failed” (Whittall 2020).
Kaiser Steel was eventually closed in the 1980s; however, the city has since become a
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transportation hub for trucking due to the number of highways that intersect in the area (Anicic
2005; City of Fontana 2018b).
Between 1980 and 1987, Fontana’s population doubled from 35,000 to 70,000, assisted by
the Fontana Redevelopment Agency, who provided incentives for housing developers to build
within the city (City of Fontana 2018c; Cornford 1995). This process led to the first specific plan
and development agreement for the SouthRidge residential area. Residential development
continued to grow through the 1990s; however, commercial activities in the downtown area
declined as new commercial developments near freeways and the new residential areas pulled
shopping away from the historic downtown core (City of Fontana 2018c).
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project consists of 19-acres located along Rose Avenue and bound by Poplar Avenue
on the west and Catawba Avenue on the east within the city of Fontana, San Bernardino County,
California (APNs 0237-171-01 to -19 and 0237-172-01 to -12, -19, -22, -23, -26 to -28, and -30 to
-33). The property can be characterized as developed containing multiple residences many with
associated detached garages, sheds, and other ancillary structures. The project proposes to clear
the subject property for the construction of an industrial warehouse building and associated parking
and infrastructure (see Figure 3).
IV. SCOPE OF WORK
In order to determine the presence of cultural resources within the proposed project, the
archaeological investigation consisted of the following tasks:
1) An archaeological records search was conducted by BFSA at the SCCIC at CSU
Fullerton to gather any information regarding recorded cultural resources within or
adjacent to the project.
2) The initial archaeological survey of the property was accomplished by conducting a
structured intensive reconnaissance that followed survey transects, which were parallel
to the existing street directions. All areas of disturbed ground and any rodent burrows
were analyzed for evidence of buried archaeological deposits.
3) This archaeological technical report was prepared to present the results of the field
survey, impact analysis, and presentation of any mitigation measures required for
project approval.
Research Goals
The primary goal of the research design is to attempt to understand the way in which
humans have used the land and resources within the project area over time, as well as to aid in the
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determination of resource significance. For the current project, the area under investigation is the
southwestern portion of San Bernardino County. The scope of work for the archaeological
program conducted for the Poplar South Distribution Center Project included a survey of the 19-
acre property. Given the area involved and the narrow focus of the cultural resources study, the
research design for this project was necessarily limited and general in nature. Since the main
objective of the investigation was to identify the presence of and potential impacts to cultural
resources, the goal is not necessarily to answer wide-reaching theories regarding the development
of early southern California, but to investigate the role and importance of the identified resources.
Although survey-level investigations are limited in terms of the amount of information available,
several specific research questions were developed that could be used to guide the initial
investigations of any observed cultural resources. The following research questions take into
account the size and location of the project.
Research Questions:
• Can located cultural resources be situated with a specific time period,
population, or individual?
• Do the types of located cultural resources allow a site activity/function to be
determined from a preliminary investigation? What are the site activities?
What is the site function? What resources were exploited?
• How do the located sites compare to others reported from different surveys
conducted in the area?
• How do the located sites fit existing models of settlement and subsistence for
valley environments of the region?
Data Needs
At the survey level, the principal research objective is a generalized investigation of
changing settlement patterns in both the prehistoric and historic periods within the study area. The
overall goal is to understand settlement and resource procurement patterns of the project area
occupants. Therefore, adequate information on site function, context, and chronology from an
archaeological perspective is essential for the investigation. The fieldwork and archival research
were undertaken with these primary research goals in mind:
1) To identify cultural resources occurring within the project;
2) To determine, if possible, site type and function, context of the deposit, and
chronological placement of each cultural resource identified;
3) To place each cultural resource identified within a regional perspective; and
4) To provide recommendations for the treatment of each of the cultural resources
identified.
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Applicable Regulations
Resource importance is assigned to districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that
possess exceptional value or quality illustrating or interpreting the heritage of San Bernardino
County in history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture. A number of criteria are
used in demonstrating resource importance. Specifically, criteria outlined in CEQA provide the
guidance for making such a determination. The following sections detail the CEQA criteria that a
resource must meet in order to be determined important.
California Environmental Quality Act
According to CEQA (§15064.5a), the term “historical resource” includes the following:
1) A resource listed in or determined to be eligible by the State Historical Resources
Commission for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR)
(Public Resources Code [PRC] SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR. Section 4850 et seq.).
2) A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in Section
5020.1(k) of the PRC or identified as significant in a historical resource survey, meeting
the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the PRC, shall be presumed to be historically
or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant
unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or
culturally significant.
3) Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript, which a lead
agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural,
engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military,
or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided
the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the
whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be
“historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR (PRC
SS5024.1, Title 14, Section 4852) including the following:
a) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad
patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage;
b) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
c) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of
construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or
possesses high artistic values; or
d) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or
history.
4) The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined eligible for listing in, the CRHR,
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not included in a local register of historical resources (pursuant to Section 5020.1[k] of
the PRC), or identified in a historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in Section
5024.1[g] of the PRC) does not preclude a lead agency from determining that the
resource may be a historical resource as defined in PRC Section 5020.1(j) or 5024.1.
According to CEQA (§15064.5b), a project with an effect that may cause a substantial
adverse change in the significance of a historical resource is a project that may have a significant
effect upon the environment. CEQA defines a substantial adverse change as:
1) Substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource means physical
demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate
surroundings such that the significance of an historical resource would be materially
impaired.
2) The significance of a historical resource is materially impaired when a project:
a) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and
that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for, inclusion in the CRHR; or
b) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics that account for its inclusion in a local register of historical
resources pursuant to Section 5020.1(k) of the PRC or its identification in a
historical resources survey meeting the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of
the PRC, unless the public agency reviewing the effects of the project
establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the resource is not historically
or culturally significant; or,
c) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and
that justify its eligibility for inclusion in the CRHR as determined by a lead
agency for purposes of CEQA.
Section 15064.5(c) of CEQA applies to effects upon archaeological sites and contains the
following additional provisions regarding archaeological sites:
1) When a project will impact an archaeological site, a lead agency shall first determine
whether the site is a historical resource, as defined in subsection (a).
2) If a lead agency determines that the archaeological site is a historical resource, it shall
refer to the provisions of Section 21084.1 of the PRC, Section 15126.4 of the
guidelines, and the limits contained in Section 21083.2 of the PRC do not apply.
3) If an archaeological site does not meet the criteria defined in subsection (a), but does
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meet the definition of a unique archaeological resource in Section 21083.2 of the PRC,
the site shall be treated in accordance with the provisions of Section 21083.2. The time
and cost limitations described in PRC Section 21083.2(c-f) do not apply to surveys and
site evaluation activities intended to determine whether the project location contains
unique archaeological resources.
4) If an archaeological resource is neither a unique archaeological nor historical resource,
the effects of the project on those resources shall not be considered a significant effect
on the environment. It shall be sufficient that both the resource and the effect upon it
are noted in the Initial Study or Environmental Impact Report, if one is prepared to
address impacts upon other resources, but they need not be considered further in the
CEQA process.
Section 15064.5(d) and Section 15064.5 (e) contain additional provisions regarding human
remains. Regarding Native American human remains, paragraph (d) provides:
(d) When an Initial Study identifies the existence of, or the probable likelihood, of Native
American human remains within the project, a lead agency shall work with the
appropriate Native Americans as identified by the Native American Heritage
Commission (NAHC) as provided in PRC SS5097.98. The applicant may develop an
agreement for treating or disposing of, with appropriate dignity, the human remains
and any items associated with Native American burials with the appropriate Native
Americans as identified by the NAHC. Action implementing such an agreement is
exempt from:
1) The general prohibition on disinterring, disturbing, or removing human remains
from any location other than a dedicated cemetery (Health and Safety Code
Section 7050.5).
2) The requirement of CEQA and the Coastal Act.
V. RESULTS OF STUDY
Background Research and Results of Records Searches
An archaeological records search was conducted by BFSA at the SCCIC on June 16, 2022.
The SCCIC records search results identified 24 previously recorded resources within one-half-
mile of the project, none of which are located within the subject property (Table 1). The 24
resources include a prehistoric habitation site and artifact scatter, a prehistoric isolate scatter, 16
historic single-family residences, one site consisting of five historic buildings, one site consisting
of historic footings and a trash scatter, the historic Gertrude Smith Complex, and three historic
transmission line alignments.
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Table 1
Archaeological Sites Recorded Within a One-Half-Mile
Radius of Poplar South Distribution Center Project
Site(s) Description
P-36-001632 Prehistoric habitation site and artifact scatter
P-36-060226 Prehistoric isolate scatter
P-36-026954; P-36-026955; P-36-026956;
P-36-026957; P-36-026958; P-36-026959;
P-36-026960; P-36-026961; P-36-026962;
P-36-027105; P-36-027106; P-36-027107;
P-36-027108; P-36-027109; P-36-027110;
and P-36-027111
Historic single-family residence
P-36-026971
Five historic buildings (a small rubble-masonry
building, a rubble-masonry poultry building, a
garage, a ranch-style brick residence, and a barn-
style residence)
P-36-028639 Historic footings with associated trash scatter
P-36-029056 Historic Gertrude Smith Complex
P-36-027692 Historic Etiwanda-San Bernardino line
P-36-026051 (includes P-36-027693) Historic Mira Loma Vista transmission line
The results of the records search data also indicate that 17 cultural resource studies have
been conducted within a one-half-mile radius of the subject property. One linear study conducted
in support of a fiber optic cable project does cross the project (Ashkar 2000); however, as a large
overview, it does not directly address the current project parcels. The full records search results
are provided in Appendix B.
The following historic sources were also reviewed:
• The NRHP Index
• The Office of Historic Preservation (OHP), Archaeological Determinations of
Eligibility
• The OHP, Built Environment Resources Directory
• Historic aerial photographs dating between 1938 and 2018
These sources did not indicate the presence of any recorded cultural resources within the project.
However, the historic aerial photographs show that by 1948, the subject property was being
developed for residential purposes. Prior aerial photographs from 1938 show the property as
agricultural. By 1959, approximately one-quarter of the project (non-contiguous) contained
residential properties. Subsequent aerial photographs show the steady regular residential
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development of the property throughout the twentieth century.
A SLF search was also requested from the NAHC as part of the records research process.
The search was conducted to determine if any recorded Native American sacred sites or locations
of religious or ceremonial importance, not recorded with the SCCIC, are present within the project.
This search is not part of the formal Assembly Bill 52 Government to Government consultation
process which will be conducted by the City of Fontana. The response from the NAHC indicates
there are no recorded sacred sites or locations of religious or ceremonial importance within the
project. All correspondence can be found within Appendix C.
The records search and literature review suggest that there is a low potential for prehistoric
sites to be contained within the boundaries of the property due to the extensive nature of past
ground disturbances and the lack of natural resources often associated with prehistoric sites. Based
on the records search results, only two prehistoric resources have been recorded within one-half-
mile of the project. Prehistoric resources tend to be situated farther south/southeast, closer to the
bedrock-laden Jurupa Mountains. The records search, literature review, and historic aerial
photograph review suggests that historic residential buildings are the most likely cultural resources
to be encountered within the project. Based upon the previously recorded surrounding resources
and the historic aerial photographs, there is a potential for historic resources to be located within
the subject property.
Field Reconnaissance
Principal Investigator Brian F. Smith directed the pedestrian survey of the project with
assistance from Field Director Clarence Hoff on June 7, 2022. Aerial photographs, maps, and a
compass permitted orientation and location of project boundaries. The survey was conducted in
10-meter-inverval transects where possible, and all exposed ground was inspected for cultural
materials. A survey form and photographs documented the survey work undertaken.
At the time of the survey, the project was characterized as almost entirely developed
containing dozens of residential parcels containing residences, garages, sheds, and other associated
ancillary structures and features (Plates 1 and 2). Vegetation found within the project primarily
consisted of maintained residential lawns, trees, and bushes. The developed nature of the project
limited ground visibility. Further, access to all areas of many of the parcels was compromised by
limited access due to locked gates, dogs, and uncooperative renters.
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Plate 1: Overview of 11006 Catawba Avenue (northeast corner of the project), facing west.
Plate 2: Overview of 11083 Poplar Avenue (southwest corner of the project), facing east.
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No archaeological resources were identified during the survey; however, the survey results
identified historic-era (older than 50 years) residences within 33 of the 41 project parcels. These
residences appear to be associated with the historic residential development identified on the
historic aerial photographs. Cursory research was conducted using the San Bernardino County
Assessor’s Parcel Information Management System (PIMS) data and the historic aerial
photographs to identify the age of construction of the residential buildings within their respective
parcels. This information is presented in Table 2 and visually represented in Figure 4 below.
Table 2
Historic-Era Residences Identified Within the
Poplar South Distribution Center Project
Address Description
11005 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1972
11013 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1955
11025 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1965
11033 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1965
11059 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1955
11063 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1965
11073 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1955
11083 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1965
11093 Poplar Avenue A single-family residence built in 1964
15731 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1964
15746 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1950
15753 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1962
15754 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1965
15765 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1962
15773 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1960
15776 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1965
15787 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1962
15788 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1964
15795 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1948
15806 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1963
15816 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1948
15817 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1963
15827 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1961
15835 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1951
15853 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1954
15865 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1962
15878 Rose Avenue A single-family residence built in 1950
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Address Description
11006 Catawba Avenue A single-family residence built in 1946
11018 Catawba Avenue A single-family residence built in 1950
11070 Catawba Avenue A single-family residence built between 1959 and 1966
11072 Catawba Avenue A single-family residence built in 1964
11082 Catawba Avenue A single-family residence built in 1964
11098 Catawba Avenue A single-family residence built in 1952
Based on the cursory research, the residential development of the subject property began
in 1946, with the majority of the residences being developed between 1960 and 1965. As such,
the residential development of the property fits within the context of the Post-War Building Boom
of 1945–1970, which generally spans the period of 1945 to 1970 and/or 1946 to 1975 (National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012). The Post-War Building Boom is
associated with the expansion of residential development following World War II. Often this
expansion is reflected in the transformation of agricultural areas to residential tracts, industrial
development, or commercial centers all constructed to support the burgeoning industrial and
commercial development tied to the period. Regarding the residential transformation of areas, “[a]
distinctive landscape emerged comprised of large-scale, self-contained subdivisions with single-
family homes often aligned along curvilinear streets. Post-World War II (postwar) houses were
also constructed on isolated lots, as infill within earlier neighborhoods, and in small cluster
developments with lesser, overall visual impact” (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering,
and Medicine 2012). As such, the preliminary review of the project and residences identified
during the survey indicates an association with the development of the project parcels and the Post-
War Building Boom of 1945–1970.
N 00
c:J Project Boundary
[. ___ j No Structures Older Than 50 Years
-Constructed 1946-1948
L _____ ..i Constructed 1950-1955
L _______ i Constructed 1959-1966
L _______ i Constructed 1960-1965
L _______ i Constructed 1972
Figure 4
Historic Address Location Map
The Poplar South Distribution Center Project
0 150 ft
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VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
The cultural resources study for the Poplar South Distribution Center Project identified
historic-era residential structures within 33 of the 41 project parcels. No prehistoric Native
American resources were identified on the property. Cursory research has revealed the
development of the subject property fits within the context of the Post-War Building Boom of
1945–1970, as over 80 percent of the parcels were developed between 1946 and 1972. While these
buildings meet the age threshold to be historic and were constructed during the Post-War Building
Boom of 1945–1970, their potential historical significance, either individually or collectively, has
not yet been determined. In order to determine if the proposed project constitutes a potential
impact to historical resources, as defined by CEQA, the historic-era structures must be evaluated
to determine if they are significant either individually or collectively.
In order to accurately evaluate the structures within the Poplar South Distribution Center
Project and to assess the project development’s potential impacts on them, additional study is
required to augment the level of work currently completed. Because the resources are
characterized as a collection of structures, that meet the age threshold (50 years) to be identified
as potentially historic, the resource evaluation process should focus on detailed historic research
and structure evaluations in the form of a Historic Structure Assessment (HSA). The scope of the
HSA should include more in-depth research to further determine the date of construction of the
structures and any major modification, trace the ownership of the structures, conduct thorough
photo documentation and prepare an architectural description of each historic-era structure,
evaluate the structures for inclusion in the CRHR, and formally record the structures with the
SCCIC. As such, the goal of the evaluation study is to formally record the residential structures,
determine if any are individually or collectively eligible for listing on the CRHR, and if that is the
case, what mitigation measures are needed to reduce the level of impacts associated with the
proposed development.
Although historic-era residential properties were identified during the survey, the survey
was hindered in some locations by a lack of access and poor visibility. Further, the property is
characterized as disturbed due to its agricultural and developmental history. This characterization
of the property as disturbed is relevant to the consideration of cultural resources being present
within the project. When parcels are cleared, disked, or otherwise disturbed, evidence of
archaeological deposits can be obscured. Therefore, whether or not any archaeological sites or
deposits have ever existed within the subject property is unclear, and the current status of the
property appears to have affected the potential to discover any surface scatters of artifacts. As a
result, it is also recommended that an archaeological monitor be present during future ground
disturbances associated with the project to observe grading and identify any historic or prehistoric
resources that may be exposed by earthwork.
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VII. CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that the statements furnished above and in the attached exhibits present the
data and information required for this archaeological report, and that the facts, statements, and
information presented are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and have been
compiled in accordance with CEQA criteria as defined in Section 15064.5.
August 5, 2022
Brian F. Smith Date
Principal Investigator
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APPENDIX A
Resumes of Key Personnel
Brian F. Smith, MA
Owner, Principal Investigator
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road Suite A
Phone: (858) 679-8218 Fax: (858) 679-9896 E-Mail: bsmith@bfsa-ca.com
Education
Master of Arts, History, University of San Diego, California 1982
Bachelor of Arts, History, and Anthropology, University of San Diego, California 1975
Professional Memberships
Society for California Archaeology
Experience
Principal Investigator 1977–Present
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Poway, California
Brian F. Smith is the owner and principal historical and archaeological consultant for Brian F. Smith and
Associates. Over the past 32 years, he has conducted over 2,500 cultural resource studies in California,
Arizona, Nevada, Montana, and Texas. These studies include every possible aspect of archaeology
from literature searches and large-scale surveys to intensive data recovery excavations. Reports
prepared by Mr. Smith have been submitted to all facets of local, state, and federal review agencies,
including the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Land Management, the Bureau of
Reclamation, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Homeland Security. In addition, Mr.
Smith has conducted studies for utility companies (Sempra Energy) and state highway departments
(CalTrans).
Professional Accomplishments
These selected major professional accomplishments represent research efforts that have added
significantly to the body of knowledge concerning the prehistoric life ways of cultures once present in
the southern California area and historic settlement since the late 18th century. Mr. Smith has been
principal investigator on the following select projects, except where noted.
Downtown San Diego Mitigation and Monitoring Reporting Programs: Large numbers of downtown San
Diego mitigation and monitoring projects, some of which included Broadway Block (2019), 915 Grape
Street (2019), 1919 Pacific Highway (2018), Moxy Hotel (2018), Makers Quarter Block D (2017), Ballpark
Village (2017), 460 16th Street (2017), Kettner and Ash (2017), Bayside Fire Station (2017), Pinnacle on the
Park (2017), IDEA1 (2016), Blue Sky San Diego (2016), Pacific Gate (2016), Pendry Hotel (2015), Cisterra
Sempra Office Tower (2014), 15th and Island (2014), Park and G (2014), Comm 22 (2014), 7th and F Street
Parking (2013), Ariel Suites (2013), 13th and Marker (2012), Strata (2008), Hotel Indigo (2008), Lofts at 707
10th Avenue Project (2007), Breeza (2007), Bayside at the Embarcadero (2007), Aria (2007), Icon (2007),
Vantage Pointe (2007), Aperture (2007), Sapphire Tower (2007), Lofts at 655 Sixth Avenue (2007),
Metrowork (2007), The Legend (2006), The Mark (2006), Smart Corner (2006), Lofts at 677 7th Avenue
(2005), Aloft on Cortez Hill (2005), Front and Beech Apartments (2003), Bella Via Condominiums (2003),
Acqua Vista Residential Tower (2003), Northblock Lofts (2003), Westin Park Place Hotel (2001), Parkloft
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 2
Apartment Complex (2001), Renaissance Park (2001), and Laurel Bay Apartments (2001).
1900 and 1912 Spindrift Drive: An extensive data recovery and mitigation monitoring program at the
Spindrift Site, an important prehistoric archaeological habitation site stretching across the La Jolla
area. The project resulted in the discovery of over 20,000 artifacts and nearly 100,000 grams of bulk
faunal remains and marine shell, indicating a substantial occupation area (2013-2014).
San Diego Airport Development Project: An extensive historic assessment of multiple buildings at the
San Diego International Airport and included the preparation of Historic American Buildings Survey
documentation to preserve significant elements of the airport prior to demolition (2017-2018).
Citracado Parkway Extension: A still-ongoing project in the city of Escondido to mitigate impacts to an
important archaeological occupation site. Various archaeological studies have been conducted by
BFSA resulting in the identification of a significant cultural deposit within the project area.
Westin Hotel and Timeshare (Grand Pacific Resorts): Data recovery and mitigation monitoring program
in the city of Carlsbad consisted of the excavation of 176 one-square-meter archaeological data
recovery units which produced thousands of prehistoric artifacts and ecofacts, and resulted in the
preservation of a significant prehistoric habitation site. The artifacts recovered from the site presented
important new data about the prehistory of the region and Native American occupation in the area
(2017).
The Everly Subdivision Project: Data recovery and mitigation monitoring program in the city of El Cajon
resulted in the identification of a significant prehistoric occupation site from both the Late Prehistoric
and Archaic Periods, as well as producing historic artifacts that correspond to the use of the property
since 1886. The project produced an unprecedented quantity of artifacts in comparison to the area
encompassed by the site, but lacked characteristics that typically reflect intense occupation, indicating
that the site was used intensively for food processing (2014-2015).
Ballpark Village: A mitigation and monitoring program within three city blocks in the East Village area of
San Diego resulting in the discovery of a significant historic deposit. Nearly 5,000 historic artifacts and
over 500,000 grams of bulk historic building fragments, food waste, and other materials representing an
occupation period between 1880 and 1917 were recovered (2015-2017).
Archaeology at the Padres Ballpark: Involved the analysis of historic resources within a seven-block area
of the “East Village” area of San Diego, where occupation spanned a period from the 1870s to the
1940s. Over a period of two years, BFSA recovered over 200,000 artifacts and hundreds of pounds of
metal, construction debris, unidentified broken glass, and wood. Collectively, the Ballpark Project and
the other downtown mitigation and monitoring projects represent the largest historical archaeological
program anywhere in the country in the past decade (2000-2007).
4S Ranch Archaeological and Historical Cultural Resources Study: Data recovery program consisted of
the excavation of over 2,000 square meters of archaeological deposits that produced over one million
artifacts, containing primarily prehistoric materials. The archaeological program at 4S Ranch is the
largest archaeological study ever undertaken in the San Diego County area and has produced data
that has exceeded expectations regarding the resolution of long-standing research questions and
regional prehistoric settlement patterns.
Charles H. Brown Site: Attracted international attention to the discovery of evidence of the antiquity of
man in North America. Site located in Mission Valley, in the city of San Diego.
Del Mar Man Site: Study of the now famous Early Man Site in Del Mar, California, for the San Diego
Science Foundation and the San Diego Museum of Man, under the direction of Dr. Spencer Rogers and
Dr. James R. Moriarty.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 3
Old Town State Park Projects: Consulting Historical Archaeologist. Projects completed in the Old Town
State Park involved development of individual lots for commercial enterprises. The projects completed
in Old Town include Archaeological and Historical Site Assessment for the Great Wall Cafe (1992),
Archaeological Study for the Old Town Commercial Project (1991), and Cultural Resources Site Survey at
the Old San Diego Inn (1988).
Site W-20, Del Mar, California: A two-year-long investigation of a major prehistoric site in the Del Mar
area of the city of San Diego. This research effort documented the earliest practice of
religious/ceremonial activities in San Diego County (circa 6,000 years ago), facilitated the projection of
major non-material aspects of the La Jolla Complex, and revealed the pattern of civilization at this site
over a continuous period of 5,000 years. The report for the investigation included over 600 pages, with
nearly 500,000 words of text, illustrations, maps, and photographs documenting this major study.
City of San Diego Reclaimed Water Distribution System: A cultural resource study of nearly 400 miles of
pipeline in the city and county of San Diego.
Master Environmental Assessment Project, City of Poway: Conducted for the City of Poway to produce
a complete inventory of all recorded historic and prehistoric properties within the city. The information
was used in conjunction with the City’s General Plan Update to produce a map matrix of the city
showing areas of high, moderate, and low potential for the presence of cultural resources. The effort
also included the development of the City’s Cultural Resource Guidelines, which were adopted as City
policy.
Draft of the City of Carlsbad Historical and Archaeological Guidelines: Contracted by the City of
Carlsbad to produce the draft of the City’s historical and archaeological guidelines for use by the
Planning Department of the City.
The Mid-Bayfront Project for the City of Chula Vista: Involved a large expanse of undeveloped
agricultural land situated between the railroad and San Diego Bay in the northwestern portion of the
city. The study included the analysis of some potentially historic features and numerous prehistoric
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Audie Murphy
Ranch, Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of 1,113.4 acres
and 43 sites, both prehistoric and historic—included project coordination; direction of field crews;
evaluation of sites for significance based on County of Riverside and CEQA guidelines; assessment of
cupule, pictograph, and rock shelter sites, co-authoring of cultural resources project report.
February- September 2002.
Cultural Resources Evaluation of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Otay Ranch Village 13
Project, San Diego County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of 1,947 acres
and 76 sites, both prehistoric and historic—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of
field crews; assessment of sites for significance based on County of San Diego and CEQA guidelines; co-
authoring of cultural resources project report. May-November 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey for the Remote Video Surveillance Project, El Centro Sector, Imperial County:
Project manager/director for a survey of 29 individual sites near the U.S./Mexico Border for proposed
video surveillance camera locations associated with the San Diego Border barrier Project—project
coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; site identification and recordation; assessment of
potential impacts to cultural resources; meeting and coordinating with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
U.S. Border Patrol, and other government agencies involved; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report. January, February, and July 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Menifee West GPA,
Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of nine sites, both prehistoric
and historic—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; assessment of sites
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 4
for significance based on County of Riverside and CEQA guidelines; historic research; co-authoring of
cultural resources project report. January-March 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed French Valley Specific Plan/EIR, Riverside
County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of two prehistoric and three historic
sites—included project coordination and budgeting; survey of project area; Native American
consultation; direction of field crews; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines;
cultural resources project report in prep. July-August 2000.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Menifee Ranch,
Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of one prehistoric and five
historic sites—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; feature
recordation; historic structure assessments; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA
guidelines; historic research; co-authoring of cultural resources project report. February-June 2000.
Salvage Mitigation of a Portion of the San Diego Presidio Identified During Water Pipe Construction for
the City of San Diego, California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews;
development and completion of data recovery program; management of artifact collections
cataloging and curation; data synthesis and authoring of cultural resources project report in prep. April
2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Tyrian 3 Project, La Jolla, California: Project
manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project coordination;
assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural resources project
report. April 2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Lamont 5 Project, Pacific Beach, California:
Project manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project
coordination; assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural
resources project report. April 2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Reiss Residence Project, La Jolla, California:
Project manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project
coordination; assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural
resources project report. March-April 2000.
Salvage Mitigation of a Portion of Site SDM-W-95 (CA-SDI-211) for the Poinsettia Shores Santalina
Development Project and Caltrans, Carlsbad, California: Project archaeologist/ director—included
direction of field crews; development and completion of data recovery program; management of
artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis and authoring of cultural resources project
report in prep. December 1999-January 2000.
Survey and Testing of Two Prehistoric Cultural Resources for the Airway Truck Parking Project, Otay Mesa,
California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of testing recovery program; assessment of site for significance based on CEQA guidelines;
authoring of cultural resources project report, in prep. December 1999-January 2000.
Cultural Resources Phase I and II Investigations for the Tin Can Hill Segment of the Immigration and
Naturalization Services Triple Fence Project Along the International Border, San Diego County, California:
Project manager/director for a survey and testing of a prehistoric quarry site along the border—NRHP
eligibility assessment; project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; feature recordation;
meeting and coordinating with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report. December 1999-January 2000.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 5
Mitigation of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Westview High School Project for the City of San
Diego, California: Project archaeologist/ director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of data recovery program including collection of material for specialized faunal and
botanical analyses; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines; management of
artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report, in prep. October 1999-January 2000.
Mitigation of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Otay Ranch SPA-One West Project for the City of
Chula Vista, California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews; development
of data recovery program; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; assessment of
site for significance based on CEQA guidelines; data synthesis; authoring of cultural resources project
report, in prep. September 1999-January 2000.
Monitoring of Grading for the Herschel Place Project, La Jolla, California: Project archaeologist/ monitor—
included monitoring of grading activities associated with the development of a single- dwelling parcel.
September 1999.
Survey and Testing of a Historic Resource for the Osterkamp Development Project, Valley Center,
California: Project archaeologist/ director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of data recovery program; budget development; assessment of site for significance based
on CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis;
authoring of cultural resources project report. July-August 1999.
Survey and Testing of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Proposed College Boulevard Alignment
Project, Carlsbad, California: Project manager/director —included direction of field crews;
development and completion of testing recovery program; assessment of site for significance based on
CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis;
authoring of cultural resources project report, in prep. July-August 1999.
Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources for the Palomar Christian Conference Center Project,
Palomar Mountain, California: Project archaeologist—included direction of field crews; assessment of
sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and
curation; data synthesis; authoring of cultural resources project report. July-August 1999.
Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources at the Village 2 High School Site, Otay Ranch, City of Chula
Vista, California: Project manager/director —management of artifact collections cataloging and
curation; assessment of site for significance based on CEQA guidelines; data synthesis; authoring of
cultural resources project report. July 1999.
Cultural Resources Phase I, II, and III Investigations for the Immigration and Naturalization Services Triple
Fence Project Along the International Border, San Diego County, California: Project
manager/director for the survey, testing, and mitigation of sites along border—supervision of multiple
field crews, NRHP eligibility assessments, Native American consultation, contribution to Environmental
Assessment document, lithic and marine shell analysis, authoring of cultural resources project report.
August 1997- January 2000.
Phase I, II, and II Investigations for the Scripps Poway Parkway East Project, Poway California: Project
archaeologist/project director—included recordation and assessment of multicomponent prehistoric
and historic sites; direction of Phase II and III investigations; direction of laboratory analyses including
prehistoric and historic collections; curation of collections; data synthesis; coauthorship of final cultural
resources report. February 1994; March-September 1994; September-December 1995.
Andrew J. Garrison, MA, RPA
Project Archaeologist
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road Suite A
Phone: (858) 679-8218 Fax: (858) 679-9896 E-Mail: agarrison@bfsa-ca.com
Education
Master of Arts, Public History, University of California, Riverside 2009
Bachelor of Science, Anthropology, University of California, Riverside 2005
Bachelor of Arts, History, University of California, Riverside 2005
Professional Memberships
Register of Professional Archaeologists
Society for California Archaeology
Society for American Archaeology
California Council for the Promotion of History
Society of Primitive Technology
Lithic Studies Society
California Preservation Foundation
Pacific Coast Archaeological Society
Experience
Project Archaeologist June 2017–Present
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Poway, California
Project management of all phases of archaeological investigations for local, state, and federal
agencies including National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA) level projects interacting with clients, sub-consultants, and lead agencies. Supervise and
perform fieldwork including archaeological survey, monitoring, site testing, comprehensive site records
checks, and historic building assessments. Perform and oversee technological analysis of prehistoric
lithic assemblages. Author or co-author cultural resource management reports submitted to private
clients and lead agencies.
Senior Archaeologist and GIS Specialist 2009–2017
Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. Orange, California
Served as Project Archaeologist or Principal Investigator on multiple projects, including archaeological
monitoring, cultural resource surveys, test excavations, and historic building assessments. Directed
projects from start to finish, including budget and personnel hours proposals, field and laboratory
direction, report writing, technical editing, Native American consultation, and final report submittal.
Oversaw all GIS projects including data collection, spatial analysis, and map creation.
Preservation Researcher 2009
City of Riverside Modernism Survey Riverside, California
Completed DPR Primary, District, and Building, Structure and Object Forms for five sites for a grant-
funded project to survey designated modern architectural resources within the City of Riverside.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 2
Information Officer 2005, 2008–2009
Eastern Information Center (EIC), University of California, Riverside Riverside, California
Processed and catalogued restricted and unrestricted archaeological and historical site record forms.
Conducted research projects and records searches for government agencies and private cultural
resource firms.
Reports/Papers
2019 A Class III Archaeological Study for the Tuscany Valley (TM 33725) Project National Historic
Preservation Act Section 106 Compliance, Lake Elsinore, Riverside County, California.
Contributing author. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Phase I and II Cultural Resources Assessment for the Jack Rabbit Trail Logistics Center Project,
City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the 10575 Foothill Boulevard Project, Rancho
Cucamonga, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 Cultural Resources Study for the County Road and East End Avenue Project, City of Chino, San
Bernardino County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 Phase II Cultural Resource Study for the McElwain Project, City of Murrieta, California.
Contributing author. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Section 106 (NHPA) Historic Resources Study for the McElwain Project, City of Murrieta,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 Cultural Resource Monitoring Report for the Sewer Group 818 Project, City of San Diego. Brian F.
Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 Phase I Cultural Resource Survey for the Stone Residence Project, 1525 Buckingham Drive, La
Jolla, California 92037. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Seaton Commerce Center Project, Riverside
County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Marbella Villa Project, City of Desert Hot Springs,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey for TTM 37109, City of Jurupa Valley, County of Riverside. Brian
F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Winchester Dollar General Store Project,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2016 John Wayne Airport Jet Fuel Pipeline and Tank Farm Archaeological Monitoring Plan. Scientific
Resource Surveys, Inc. On file at the County of Orange, California.
2016 Historic Resource Assessment for 220 South Batavia Street, Orange, CA 92868 Assessor’s Parcel
Number 041-064-4. Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. Submitted to the City of Orange as part of
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 3
Mills Act application.
2015 Historic Resource Report: 807-813 Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles. Scientific Resource Surveys,
Inc. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.
2015 Exploring a Traditional Rock Cairn: Test Excavation at CA-SDI-13/RBLI-26: The Rincon Indian
Reservation, San Diego County, California. Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc.
2014 Archaeological Monitoring Results: The New Los Angeles Federal Courthouse. Scientific
Resource Surveys, Inc. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State
University, Fullerton.
2012 Bolsa Chica Archaeological Project Volume 7, Technological Analysis of Stone Tools, Lithic
Technology at Bolsa Chica: Reduction Maintenance and Experimentation. Scientific Resource
Surveys, Inc.
Presentations
2017 “Repair and Replace: Lithic Production Behavior as Indicated by the Debitage Assemblage from
CA-MRP-283 the Hackney Site.” Presented at the Society for California Archaeology Annual
Meeting, Fish Camp, California.
2016 “Bones, Stones, and Shell at Bolsa Chica: A Ceremonial Relationship?” Presented at the Society
for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2016 “Markers of Time: Exploring Transitions in the Bolsa Chica Assemblage.” Presented at the Society
for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2016 “Dating Duress: Understanding Prehistoric Climate Change at Bolsa Chica.” Presented at the
Society for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2014 “New Discoveries from an Old Collection: Comparing Recently Identified OGR Beads to Those
Previously Analyzed from the Encino Village Site.” Presented at the Society for California
Archaeology Annual Meeting, Visalia, California.
2012 Bolsa Chica Archaeology: Part Seven: Culture and Chronology. Lithic demonstration of
experimental manufacturing techniques at the April meeting of The Pacific Coast
Archaeological Society, Irvine, California.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Poplar South Distribution Center Project
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX B
Archaeological Records Search Results
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)
A Cultural Resources Study for the Poplar South Distribution Center Project
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX C
NAHC Sacred Lands File Search Results
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)