HomeMy WebLinkAboutAppendix E - Cultural Resources StudyA CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDY
FOR THE SOUTHRIDGE PROJECT
CITY OF FONTANA, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
APNs 237-411-13 and -14
Submitted to:
City of Fontana
Community Development Department
8353 Sierra Avenue
Fontana, California 92335
Prepared for:
New Bridge Homes
500 Newport Center Drive, Suite 570
Newport Beach, California 92660
Prepared by:
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
March 21, 2022
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeological Database Information
Authors: Andrew Garrison, M.A., RPA, Elena C. Goralogia, B.A., and Brian F. Smith, M.A.
Consulting Firm: Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 14010 Poway Road, Suite A Poway, California 92064 (858) 679-8218 Report Date: March 21, 2022
Report Title: A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County, California (APNs 237-411-13 and -14) Submitted to: City of Fontana Community Development Department 8353 Sierra Avenue Fontana, California 92335
Prepared for: New Bridge Homes 500 Newport Center Drive, Suite 570 Newport Beach, California 92660 Prepared by: Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 14010 Poway Road, Suite A Poway, California 92064
USGS Quadrangle: Section 35, Township 1 South, Range 6 West, San Bernardino Baseline and Meridian of the USGS Fontana, California (7.5 minute) Quadrangle. Study Area: Approximately 37.8 acres Key Words: USGS Fontana Quadrangle (7.5 minute); archaeological survey; no significant resources; archaeological monitoring recommended.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents
Section Page
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1
II. SETTING ...................................................................................................................1
Natural Environment ................................................................................................1
Cultural Environment ...............................................................................................5
III. SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................19
Research Goals .........................................................................................................19
Applicable Regulations ............................................................................................20
IV. RESULTS OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................23
Background Research and Results of Records Searches .......................................23
Field Reconnaissance ..............................................................................................30
V. RECOMMENDATIONS ...........................................................................................33
Cultural Resources Monitoring Program ...............................................................33
VII.CERTIFICATION .....................................................................................................35
VIII. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................35
Appendices
Appendix A – Resumes of Key Personnel
Appendix B – Site Forms*
Appendix C – Archaeological Records Search Results*
Appendix D – NAHC Sacred Lands File Search Results*
*Deleted for public review and bound separately in the Confidential Appendix
List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1 General Location Map .................................................................................2
Figure 2 Project Location Map (USGS) .....................................................................3
Figure 3 Project Development Map ...........................................................................4
Figure 4 1896 USGS Map ........................................................................................17
Figure 5 1943 USGS Map ........................................................................................18
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ List of Figures (continued)
Figure Page
Figure 6 1967 USGS Map ........................................................................................26
List of Plates
Plate Page
Plate 1 Declez Quarry circa. 1905 .........................................................................15
Plate 2 1933 Aerial Photograph .............................................................................27
Plate 3 1948 Aerial Photograph .............................................................................28
Plate 4 1966 Aerial Photograph .............................................................................29
Plate 5 Overview of the project, facing northwest .................................................30
Plate 6 Overview of the project, facing northeast ..................................................31
Plate 7 View of the walking path and rock/mortar wall, facing northwest ............32
Plate 8 View of the entrance, facing southeast ......................................................32
List of Tables
Table Page
Table 1 Cultural Resources Located Within a One Mile of the Southridge
Project ........................................................................................................24
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
I. INTRODUCTION
In response to a requirement by the City of Fontana, Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
(BFSA) conducted an archaeological survey of the approximately 37.8-acre Southridge Project.
This project (Assessor’s Parcel Numbers 237-411-13 and -14) is located southeast of the
intersection of Live Oak Avenue and Village Drive in the southwestern portion of the city of
Fontana, San Bernardino County, California (Figure 1). On the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
7.5-minute, 1:24,000-scale Fontana, California topographic quadrangle map, the project is
situated within Section 35, Township 1 South, Range 6 West, San Bernardino Baseline and
Meridian (Figure 2). The proposed project consists of the construction of a residential
development with a trailhead park, associated landscaping, and infrastructure (Figure 3).
The archaeological survey was conducted on March 9, 2022 in order to determine if
cultural resources exist within the property and if the project represents a potential adverse impact
to cultural resources. The survey did not identify the presence of significant cultural resources.
As part of this study, a copy of the report will be submitted to the South Central Coastal
Information Center (SCCIC) at California State University, Fullerton (CSU Fullerton). All
investigations conducted by BFSA related to this project conformed to California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA) and City of Fontana environmental guidelines.
II. SETTING
Natural Environment
The Southridge Project is generally located in southwestern San Bernardino County in the
city of Fontana. The subject property is part of the Chino Basin, south of the San Gabriel
Mountains. The San Gabriel Mountains extend from Newhall Pass in Los Angeles County to the
east to the Cajon Pass in San Bernardino County. These mountains are part of the Transverse
Ranges with peaks exceeding 9,000 feet above mean sea level.
The project is located at the foot of the northwestern corner of the Jurupa Mountains. The
Jurupa Mountains are a part of the Perris tectonic block and constitute the northern-most portion
of the Peninsular Ranges (MacKevett 1951). The Jurupa Mountains mainly consist of Cretaceous
granitic and pre-Cretaceous metamorphic rocks, with the lower slopes mantled by a sedimentary
detritus of Pleistocene-aged alluvial fan deposits. The promontory just east of the project is
composed of tonalite, a type of granitic rock, and was the setting of the former Declezville Quarry.
The Declezville Quarry was the site of the extensive extraction of tonalite for building purposes,
mostly for projects in Los Angeles County, and included a rail line to transport the tonalite. The
quarry ceased production in 1950 (MacKevett 1951).
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5
At the project, the eastern portion is mapped as artificial fill deposits, consisting of quarry
tailings of waste rock and earthen materials derived from activities at the adjacent Declezville
Quarry (MacKevett 1951; Lump and Walker 2021; Wirths 2022). The western portion of the
project consists of Holocene and late Pleistocene (present day to approximately 120,000 years ago
[Cohen and Gibbard 2011]) young alluvial fan deposits of the Lytle Creek fan, consisting of
unconsolidated, gray, cobbly and bouldery alluvium. These alluvial deposits also likely underlie
most or all of the mapped artificial fill materials at the project’s eastern portion. Older Pleistocene-
aged alluvial fan deposits may also be present beneath the artificial fill, also consisting of coarse,
cobbly and bouldery materials (Wirths 2022).
Approximately 10 acres of the subject property in the southwestern corner of the project
comprise the western extant of Southridge Park/Fontana Bird Park. Vegetation found on the
property primarily consists of plants from the coastal sage scrub community along with non-native
weeds and grasses. Some oak trees are present along with pine and eucalyptus within the park
area.
During the prehistoric period, vegetation near the project provided sufficient food
resources to support prehistoric human occupants. Animals that inhabited the project during
prehistoric times included mammals such as rabbits, squirrels, gophers, mice, rats, deer, and
coyotes, in addition to a variety of reptiles and amphibians. The natural setting of the project
during the prehistoric occupation offered a rich nutritional resource base. Fresh water was likely
obtainable from neighboring sesonal drainages as well as the Chino Creek, Cucamonga Creek, and
the Santa Ana River. Historically, the property likely contained the same plant and animal species
that are present today.
Cultural Environment
Paleo Indian, Archaic Period Milling Stone Horizon, and the Late Prehistoric Shoshonean
groups are the three general cultural periods represented in San Bernardino County. The following
discussion of the cultural history of San Bernardino County references the San Dieguito Complex,
Encinitas Tradition, Milling Stone Horizon, La Jolla Complex, Pauma Complex, and San Luis Rey
Complex, since these culture sequences have been used to describe archaeological manifestations
in the region. The Late Prehistoric component in the area of San Bernardino County was
represented by the Cahuilla, Serrano, and potentially the Vanyume Indians.
Absolute chronological information, where possible, will be incorporated into this
discussion to examine the effectiveness of continuing to use these terms interchangeably.
Reference will be made to the geological framework that divides the culture chronology of the
area into four segments: late Pleistocene (20,000 to 10,000 years before the present [YBP]), early
Holocene (10,000 to 6,650 YBP), middle Holocene (6,650 to 3,350 YBP), and late Holocene
(3,350 to 200 YBP).
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6
Paleo Indian Period (Late Pleistocene: 11,500 to circa 9,000 YBP)
The Paleo Indian Period is associated with the terminus of the late Pleistocene (12,000 to
10,000 YBP). The environment during the late Pleistocene was cool and moist, which allowed for
glaciation in the mountains and the formation of deep, pluvial lakes in the deserts and basin lands
(Moratto 1984). However, by the terminus of the late Pleistocene, the climate became warmer,
which caused the glaciers to melt, sea levels to rise, greater coastal erosion, large lakes to recede
and evaporate, extinction of Pleistocene megafauna, and major vegetation changes (Moratto 1984;
Martin 1967, 1973; Fagan 1991). The coastal shoreline at 10,000 YBP, depending upon the
particular area of the coast, was near the 30-meter isobath, or two to six kilometers further west
than its present location (Masters 1983).
Paleo Indians were likely attracted to multiple habitat types, including mountains,
marshlands, estuaries, and lakeshores. These people likely subsisted using a more generalized
hunting, gathering, and collecting adaptation while utilizing a variety of resources including birds,
mollusks, and both large and small mammals (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Moratto 1984; Moss
and Erlandson 1995).
Archaic Period (Early and Middle Holocene: circa 9000 to 1300 YBP)
The Archaic Period of prehistory begins with the onset of the Holocene around 9,000 YBP.
The transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene was a period of major environmental change
throughout North America (Antevs 1953; Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). The general
warming trend caused sea levels to rise, lakes to evaporate, and drainage patterns to change. In
southern California, the general climate at the beginning of the early Holocene was marked by
cool/moist periods and an increase in warm/dry periods and sea levels. The coastal shoreline at
8,000 YBP, depending upon the particular area of the coast, was near the 20-meter isobath, or one
to four kilometers further west than its present location (Masters 1983).
The rising sea level during the early Holocene created rocky shorelines and bays along the
coast by flooding valley floors and eroding the coastline (Curray 1965; Inman 1983). Shorelines
were primarily rocky with small littoral cells, as sediments were deposited at bay edges but rarely
discharged into the ocean (Reddy 2000). These bays eventually evolved into lagoons and
estuaries, which provided a rich habitat for mollusks and fish. The warming trend and rising sea
levels generally continued until the late Holocene (4,000 to 3,500 YBP).
At the beginning of the late Holocene, sea levels stabilized, rocky shores declined, lagoons
filled with sediment, and sandy beaches became established (Gallegos 1985; Inman 1983; Masters
1994; Miller 1966; Warren and Pavesic 1963). Many former lagoons became saltwater marshes
surrounded by coastal sage scrub by the late Holocene (Gallegos 2002). The sedimentation of the
lagoons was significant in that it had profound effects on the types of resources available to
prehistoric peoples. Habitat was lost for certain large mollusks, namely Chione and Argopecten,
but habitat was gained for other small mollusks, particularly Donax (Gallegos 1985; Reddy 2000).
The changing lagoon habitats resulted in the decline of larger shellfish, loss of drinking water, and
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7
loss of Torrey Pine nuts, causing a major depopulation of the coast as people shifted inland to
reliable freshwater sources and intensified their exploitation of terrestrial small game and plants,
including acorns (originally proposed by Rogers 1929; Gallegos 2002).
The Archaic Period in southern California is associated with a number of different cultures,
complexes, traditions, periods, and horizons, including San Dieguito, La Jolla, Encinitas, Milling
Stone, Pauma, and Intermediate.
Late Prehistoric Period (Late Holocene: 1,300 YBP to 1790)
Approximately 1,350 YBP, a Shoshonean-speaking group from the Great Basin region
moved into San Bernardino County, marking the transition to the Late Prehistoric Period. This
period has been characterized by higher population densities and elaborations in social, political,
and technological systems. Economic systems diversified and intensified during this period, with
the continued elaboration of trade networks, the use of shell-bead currency, and the appearance of
more labor-intensive, yet effective, technological innovations. Technological developments
during this period included the introduction of the bow and arrow between A.D. 400 and 600 and
the introduction of ceramics. Atlatl darts were replaced by smaller arrow darts, including the
Cottonwood series points. Other hallmarks of the Late Prehistoric Period include extensive trade
networks as far reaching as the Colorado River Basin and cremation of the dead.
Protohistoric Period (Late Holocene: 1790 to Present)
Prior to the arrival of the Spanish missionaries to the San Bernardino area, Redlands was
inhabited by the Cahuilla, Serrano, and potentially the Vanyume Indians. The territory of the
Vanyume was covered by small and relatively sparse populations focused primarily along the
Mojave River, north of the Serrano and southeast of the Kawaiisu. It is believed that the
southwestern extent of their territory went as far as Cajon Pass and portions of Hesperia. Bean
and Smith (1978) noted that it was uncertain if the Vanyume spoke a dialect of Serrano or a
separate Takic-based language. However, King and Blackburn (1978) suggest that the Vanyume
and other Kitanemuk speakers once occupied most of Antelope Valley. In contrast to the Serrano,
the Vanyume maintained friendly social relations with the Mohave and Chemehuevi to the east
and northeast (Kroeber 1976). As with the majority of California native populations, Vanyume
populations were decimated around the 1820s by placement in Spanish missions and asistencias.
It is believed that by 1900, the Vanyume had become extinct (Bean and Smith 1978). However,
given the settlement patterns reported for the Vanyume, it is more probable that the population
was dispersed rather than completely wiped out.
At the time of Spanish contact in the sixteenth century, the Cahuilla occupied territory that
included the San Bernardino Mountains, Orocopia Mountain, and the Chocolate Mountains to the
west, Salton Sea and Borrego Springs to the south, Palomar Mountain and Lake Mathews to the
west, and the Santa Ana River to the north. The Cahuilla are a Takic-speaking people closely
related to their Gabrielino and Luiseño neighbors, although relations with the Gabrielino were
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8
more intense than with the Luiseño. They differ from the Luiseño and Gabrielino in that their
religion is more similar to the Mohave tribes of the eastern deserts than the Chingichngish cult of
the Luiseño and Gabrielino. The following is a summary of ethnographic data regarding this group
(Bean 1978; Kroeber 1976).
Cahuilla villages were typically permanent and located on low terraces within canyons in
proximity to water sources. These locations proved to be rich in food resources and also afforded
protection from prevailing winds. Villages had areas that were publicly owned as well as areas
that were privately owned by clans, families, or individuals. Each village was associated with a
particular lineage and series of sacred sites that included unique petroglyphs and pictographs.
Villages were occupied throughout the year; however, during a several-week period in the fall,
most of the village members relocated to mountain oak groves to take part in acorn harvesting
(Bean 1978; Kroeber 1976).
The Serrano and Vanyume, however, were primarily hunters and gatherers. Individual
family dwellings were likely circular, domed structures. Vegetal staples varied with locality;
acorns and piñon nuts were found in the foothills, and mesquite, yucca roots, cacti fruits, and piñon
nuts were found in or near the desert regions. Diets were supplemented with other roots, bulbs,
shoots, and seeds (Heizer 1978). Deer, mountain sheep, antelopes, rabbits, and other small rodents
were among the principal food packages. Various game birds, especially quail, were also hunted.
The bow and arrow was used for large game, while smaller game and birds were killed with curved
throwing sticks, traps, and snares. Occasionally, game was hunted communally, often during
mourning ceremonies (Benedict 1924; Drucker 1937; Heizer 1978). In general, manufactured
goods included baskets, some pottery, rabbit-skin blankets, awls, arrow straighteners, sinew-
backed bows, arrows, fire drills, stone pipes, musical instruments (rattles, rasps, whistles, bull-
roarers, and flutes), feathered costumes, mats, bags, storage pouches, and nets (Heizer 1978). Food
acquisition and processing required the manufacture of additional items such as knives, stone or
bone scrapers, pottery trays and bowls, bone or horn spoons, and stirrers. Mortars, made of either
stone or wood, and metates were also manufactured (Strong 1971; Drucker 1937; Benedict 1924).
Much like the Vanyume, the Serrano suffered large population decreases during the early
1800s. While the missionaries are credited with developing the first stable water supply in the
area by diverting water from Mill Creek into a zanja that terminated at the Asistencia de Mission
San Gabriel on Barton Road in Redlands, the task was completed through labor provided by the
Serrano. The zanja, known as the Mill Creek Zanja, is located along the southern boundary of the
current project area. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) since
1976.
Historic Period
Traditionally, the history of the state of California has been divided into three general
periods: the Spanish Period (1769 to 1821), the Mexican Period (1822 to 1846), and the American
Period (1848 to present) (Caughey 1970). The American Period is often further subdivided into
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9
additional phases: the nineteenth century (1848 to 1900), the early twentieth century (1900 to
1950), and the Modern Period (1950 to present). From an archaeological standpoint, all of these
phases can be referred to together as the Ethnohistoric Period. This provides a valuable tool for
archaeologists, as ethnohistory is directly concerned with the study of indigenous or non-Western
peoples from a combined historical/anthropological viewpoint, which employs written documents,
oral narrative, material culture, and ethnographic data for analysis.
European exploration along the California coast began in 1542 with the landing of Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo and his men at San Diego Bay. Sixty years after the Cabrillo expeditions, an
expedition under Sebastian Viscaíno made an extensive and thorough exploration of the Pacific
coast. Although the voyage did not extend beyond the northern limits of the Cabrillo track,
Viscaíno had the most lasting effect upon the nomenclature of the coast. Many of his place names
have survived, whereas practically every one of the names created by Cabrillo have faded from
use. For instance, Cabrillo named the first (now) United States port he stopped at “San Miguel”;
60 years later, Viscaíno changed it to “San Diego” (Rolle 1969). The early European voyages
observed Native Americans living in villages along the coast but did not make any substantial,
long-lasting impact. At the time of contact, the Luiseño population was estimated to have ranged
from 4,000 to as many as 10,000 individuals (Bean and Shipek 1978; Kroeber 1976).
The historic background of the project area began with the Spanish colonization of Alta
California. The first Spanish colonizing expedition reached southern California in 1769 with the
intention of converting and civilizing the indigenous populations, as well as expanding the
knowledge of and access to new resources in the region (Brigandi 1998). As a result, by the late
eighteenth century, a large portion of southern California was overseen by Mission San Luis Rey
(San Diego County), Mission San Juan Capistrano (Orange County), and Mission San Gabriel
(Los Angeles County), who began colonization the region and surrounding areas (Chapman 1921).
Up until this time, the only known way to feasibly travel from Sonora to Alta California
was by sea. In 1774, Juan Bautista de Anza, an army captain at Tubac, requested and was given
permission by the governor of the Mexican State of Sonora to establish an overland route from
Sonora to Monterey (Chapman 1921). In doing so, Juan Bautista de Anza passed through
Riverside County and described the area in writing for the first time (Caughey 1970; Chapman
1921). In 1797, Father Presidente Lausen (of Mission San Diego de Alcalá), Father Norberto de
Santiago, and Corporal Pedro Lisalde (of Mission San Juan Capistrano) led an expedition through
southwestern Riverside County in search of a new mission site to establish a presence between
San Diego and San Juan Capistrano (Engelhardt 1921). Their efforts ultimately resulted in the
establishment of Mission San Luis Rey in Oceanside, California.
Each mission gained power through the support of a large, subjugated Native American
workforce. As the missions grew, livestock holdings increased and became increasingly
vulnerable to theft. In order to protect their interests, the southern California missions began to
expand inland to try and provide additional security (Beattie and Beattie 1939; Caughey 1970). In
order to meet their needs, the Spaniards embarked on a formal expedition in 1806 to find potential
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10
locations within what is now the San Bernardino Valley. As a result, by 1810, Father Francisco
Dumetz of Mission San Gabriel had succeeded in establishing a religious site, or capilla, at a
Cahuilla rancheria called Guachama (Beattie and Beattie 1939). San Bernardino Valley received
its name from this site, which was dedicated to San Bernardino de Siena by Father Dumetz. The
Guachama rancheria was located in present-day Bryn Mawr in San Bernardino County.
These early colonization efforts were followed by the establishment of estancias at Puente
(circa 1816) and San Bernardino (circa 1819) near Guachama (Beattie and Beattie 1939). These
efforts were soon mirrored by the Spaniards from Mission San Luis Rey, who in turn established
a presence in what is now Lake Elsinore, Temecula, and Murrieta (Chapman 1921). The
indigenous groups who occupied these lands were recruited by missionaries, converted, and put to
work in the missions (Pourade 1961). Throughout this period, the Native American populations
were decimated by introduced diseases, a drastic shift in diet resulting in poor nutrition, and social
conflicts due to the introduction of an entirely new social order (Cook 1976).
Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1822 and became a federal republic in 1824.
As a result, both Baja and Alta California became classified as territories (Rolle 1969). Shortly
thereafter, the Mexican Republic sought to grant large tracts of private land to its citizens to begin
to encourage immigration to California and to establish its presence in the region. Part of the
establishment of power and control included the desecularization of the missions circa 1832.
These same missions were also located on some of the most fertile land in California and, as a
result, were considered highly valuable. The resulting land grants, known as “ranchos,” covered
expansive portions of California and by 1846, more than 600 land grants had been issued by the
Mexican government. Rancho Jurupa was the first rancho to be established and was issued to Juan
Bandini in 1838. Although Bandini primarily resided in San Diego, Rancho Jurupa was located
in what is now Riverside County (Pourade 1963). A review of Riverside County place names
quickly illustrates that many of the ranchos in Riverside County lent their names to present-day
locations, including Jurupa, El Rincon, La Sierra, El Sobrante de San Jacinto, La Laguna (Lake
Elsinore), Santa Rosa, Temecula, Pauba, San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero, and San Jacinto Viejo
(Gunther 1984). As was typical of many ranchos, these were all located in the valley environments
within western Riverside County.
The treatment of Native Americans grew worse during the Rancho Period. Most of the
Native Americans were forced off of their land or put to work on the now privately-owned ranchos,
most often as slave labor. In light of the brutal ranchos, the degree to which Native Americans
had become dependent upon the mission system is evident when, in 1838, a group of Native
Americans from Mission San Luis Rey petitioned government officials in San Diego to relieve
suffering at the hands of the rancheros:
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11
We have suffered incalculable losses, for some of which we are in part to be blamed
for because many of us have abandoned the Mission … We plead and beseech you
… to grant us a Rev. Father for this place. We have been accustomed to the Rev.
Fathers and to their manner of managing the duties. We labored under their
intelligent directions, and we were obedient to the Fathers according to the
regulations, because we considered it as good for us. (Brigandi 1998:21)
Native American culture had been disrupted to the point where they could no longer rely
upon prehistoric subsistence and social patterns. Not only does this illustrate how dependent the
Native Americans had become upon the missionaries, but it also indicates a marked contrast in the
way the Spanish treated the Native Americans compared to the Mexican and United States
ranchers. Spanish colonialism (missions) is based upon utilizing human resources while
integrating them into their society. The Mexican and American ranchers did not accept Native
Americans into their social order and used them specifically for the extraction of labor, resources,
and profit. Rather than being incorporated, they were either subjugated or exterminated (Cook
1976).
By 1846, tensions between the United States and Mexico had escalated to the point of war
(Rolle 1969). In order to reach a peaceful agreement, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was put
into effect in 1848, which resulted in the annexation of California to the United States. Once
California opened to the United States, waves of settlers moved in searching for gold mines,
business opportunities, political opportunities, religious freedom, and adventure (Rolle 1969;
Caughey 1970). By 1850, California had become a state and was eventually divided into 27
separate counties. While a much larger population was now settling in California, this was
primarily in the central valley, San Francisco, and the Gold Rush region of the Sierra Nevada
mountain range (Rolle 1969; Caughey 1970). During this time, southern California grew at a much
slower pace than northern California and was still dominated by the cattle industry established
during the earlier rancho period. However, by 1859, the first United States Post Office in what
would eventually become Riverside County was set up at John Magee’s store on the Temecula
Rancho (Gunther 1984).
During the same decade, circa 1852, the Native Americans of southern Riverside County,
including the Luiseño and the Cahuilla, thought they had signed a treaty resulting in their
ownership of all lands from Temecula to Aguanga east to the desert, including the San Jacinto
Valley and the San Gorgonio Pass. The Temecula Treaty also included food and clothing
provisions for the Native Americans. However, Congress never ratified these treaties, and the
promise of one large reservation was rescinded (Brigandi 1998).
With the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1869, southern California saw its
first major population expansion. The population boom continued circa 1874 with the completion
of connections between the Southern Pacific Railroad in Sacramento to the transcontinental
Central Pacific Railroad in Los Angeles (Rolle 1969; Caughey 1970). The population influx
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12
brought farmers, land speculators, and prospective developers to the region. As the Jurupa area
became more and more populated, circa 1870, Judge John Wesley North and a group of associates
founded the city of Riverside on part of the former rancho.
Although the first orange trees were planted in Riverside County circa 1871, it was not
until a few years later when a small number of Brazilian navel orange trees were established that
the citrus industry truly began in the region (Patterson 1971). The Brazilian naval orange was well
suited to the climate of Riverside County and thrived with assistance from several extensive
irrigation projects. At the close of 1882, an estimated half a million citrus trees were present in
California. It is estimated that nearly half of that population was in Riverside County. Population
growth and 1880s tax revenue from the booming citrus industry prompted the official formation
of Riverside County in 1893 out of portions of what was once San Bernardino County (Patterson
1971).
Shortly thereafter, with the start of World War I, the United States began to develop a
military presence in Riverside County with the construction of March Air Reserve Base. During
World War II, Camp Haan was constructed in what is now the current location of the National
Veteran’s Cemetery. In the decades that followed, populations spread throughout the county into
Lake Elsinore, Corona, Norco, Murrieta, and Wildomar. However, a significant portion of the
county remained largely agricultural well into the 1970s. Following the 1970s, Riverside saw a
period of dramatic population increase as the result of new development, more than doubling the
population of the county with a population of over 1.3 million residents (Patterson 1971).
General History of the City of Fontana
According to the City of Fontana General Plan Update 2015–2035 (City of Fontana 2018a),
the history of the city is primarily broken up into four periods, or “contexts,” identified as “The
Four Fontanas.” The four periods are “Rural Pioneer Community: 1850 to 1906; Fontana Farms:
1906 to 1942; Steeltown: 1942 to 1983; and Suburban Bedroom Community: 1983 to 2006 (City
of Fontana 2018a).
Rural Pioneer Community: 1850 to 1906
In 1869, Andrew Jackson Pope, co-founder of the Pope & Talbot Company, a lumber
dealer based out of San Francisco (1860 Federal Census; 1870 Federal Census; University of
Washington Libraries, Special Collections 2018), purchased 3,840 acres of land in San Bernardino
County as part of the Land Act of 1820. “During the ensuing years, Andrew Pope and W.C. Talbot
acquired other properties in the West, chiefly in California. By 1874, they owned a real estate
empire, including almost 80,000 acres of ranch lands” (World Forestry Center 2017).
Pope passed away in 1878, amid water rights conflicts between grant owners (himself) and
settlers of the lands surrounding his Fontana-area lands. As a result of the water rights conflict, in
which the United States Supreme Court sided with the grant owners, the Lytle Creek Water
Company was formed in 1881. The purpose of the Lytle Creek Water Company was to:
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13
[U]nify the interests of appropriators to the stream, to fight the grant owners. These
latter had the law on their side, but the settlers had the water, and were holding and
using it. An injunction was issued in favor of the grant owners, restraining the
settlers from using the water, but it was never enforced. The conflict was a long
and bitter one. In the meantime, the grant owners, and others operating with them,
quietly bought up the stock of the Lytle Creek Water Company, until enough to
control it was secured, and sold out these rights to the projectors of the Semi-tropic
Land and Water Company, with the riparian lands, which movement seems to have
quieted the conflict. (Hall 1888)
The Semi-Tropic Land and Water Company was incorporated in 1887. That year, the company
platted the settlement of Rosena, but no structures were erected. By 1888, the company had
acquired “something more than twenty-eight thousand five hundred acres of land, embracing the
channel of Lytle creek for ten miles” (Hall 1888).
In 1903, San Bernardino contractor and agriculturist A.B. Miller and “his pioneer Fontana
Development Company purchased Rosena, and by 1905 had begun the building of a farming
complex that included an assortment of barns, dining rooms, a 200-man bunk house, a kitchen, a
company store, as well as the ranch house used by the foreman” (Anicic 1982).
Fontana Farms: 1906 to 1942
By 1906, Miller had also taken over the remainder of the Semi-Tropic Land and Water
Company assets and created the Fontana Farms Company and the Fontana Land Company.
Afterward, Miller oversaw the construction of an irrigation system that utilized the water from
Lytle Creek, as well as the planting of “half a million eucalyptus saplings as windbreaks” (Conford
1995).
In 1913, the town of Fontana was platted between Foothill Boulevard and the Santa Fe
railroad tracks. Much of the land to the south of the townsite was utilized as a hog farm, while the
remainder of the Fontana Farms Company land was subdivided into small farms. The smaller
“starter farms” were approximately 2.5 acres and the new owner was able to choose between
grapevines or walnut trees, all supplied by the Fontana Farms nursery. “By 1930 the Fontana
Company had subdivided more than three thousand homesteads, half occupied by full-time
settlers, some of them immigrants from Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Italy” (Conford 1995).
Steeltown: 1942 to 1983
Kaiser Steel was founded in Fontana in the 1940s and became one of the main producers
of steel west of the Mississippi River. The Kaiser Steel Mill was built in response to the United
States government’s need for a steel mill and factory on the west coast to construct ships and
airplanes following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 (Sturm et al. 1995). Following World
War II, the mill shifted production to can manufacturing, tin plating, and pipe milling (Sturm et al.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14
1995). To provide for his workers’ health needs, Henry J. Kaiser constructed the Fontana Kaiser
Permanente medical facility, which is now the largest managed care organization in the United
States.
The city of Fontana was incorporated on June 25, 1952 and the Kaiser Steel Mill continued
to expand through the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to health care, Kaiser created the Kaiser
Community Homes to address the burgeoning housing needs of post-war America. Within
Fontana and neighboring Ontario, Kaiser Community Homes provided affordable residential
neighborhoods and housing subdivisions to meet the steel mill workers’ housing needs (City of
Fontana 2018a). “Kaiser Steel also worked with the United Steelworkers of America to develop
an innovative profit-sharing plan in which labor shared in cost savings resulting from technology
and labor productivity improvements” (City of Fontana 2018a). By the late 1970s, the Kaiser Steel
Mill had begun to experience a massive downturn in production, which resulted in a 3,000-person
layoff (Sturm et al. 1995).
Kaiser and their contributions to Fontana and the nation during the mid-twentieth century
can be viewed in the context of the “Post-War Building Boom of 1945–1970” (National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012). The Kaiser Steel Corp. was important
to the in the expansion of development during the period supplying steel for the construction of
buildings throughout the region and nation. However, the mill ultimately closed its doors and
ceased production in 1983. In 1984, California Steel Industries (CSI) purchased the southern 380
acres of the 480-acre property and portions of the factory were reopened. A 1995 archaeological
survey by LSA Associates, Inc. (LSA) indicates that the property to the north that was not
purchased by CSI had been demolished by Hollywood movie explosions throughout the 1980s
(Sturm et al. 1995). In the late 1990s, construction of the California Speedway resulted in further
damage to original steel mill property (McLean and Monk 1997).
Suburban Bedroom Community: 1983 to 2006
With the closing of the steel mill in 1983, residential development became the primary
driving factor for economic growth in the Fontana (City of Fontana 2018b). Between 1980 and
1987, Fontana’s population doubled from 35,000 to 70,000, assisted by the Fontana
Redevelopment Agency, who provided incentives for housing developers to build within the city
(City of Fontana 2018b; Conford 1995). This process led to the first specific plan and development
agreement for the SouthRidge residential area. Residential development continued to grow
through the 1990s; however, commercial activities in the downtown area declined as new
commercial developments near freeways and the new residential areas pulled shopping away from
the historic downtown core (City of Fontana 2018b). More recently, the city has since become a
transportation hub for trucking due to the number of highways that intersect in the area (Anicic
2005; City of Fontana 2018a).
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15
General History of the Declezville
Although tied to the history of Fontana, the project is situated within an area historically
known as Declezville. The subject property is adjacent to and includes portions of the Declez
Quarry. William Declez was originally from France; however, by 1875, he owned large swaths of
land in the region, including the subject property. Declez established a quarry in the Jurupa
Mountains, which included a portion of the Jurupa Mountains primarily just north of the subject
property. It appears the quarry operations eventually extended southwest along the western
boundary and into the subject property. As such, the surrounding area was named after Declez
(Drummy-Chapel 1981a).
Two areas were named for Declez. One location was situated just west of San Sevaine
around the current intersection of Live Oak Avenue and Washington Street which included a
Southern Pacific Railroad stop. The second location was to the south and included the quarry and
a small population of workers which became known as Declezville, although at times it was also
referred to as South Fontana (Anicic 2005). The Declezville community supported a population
of 300, and included a post office, a bunkhouse for laborers, a cookhouse, dining hall, and foreman
quarters amongst other facilities (Drummy-Chapel 1981a). Water for the town was supplied by a
well dug north of the town and was also used for a steam powered mining drill (Drummy-Chapel
1981a).
Plate 1: Declez Quarry circa 1905. (Courtesy of the California State Mining Bureau 1906.)
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16
Declez opened a second quarry in 1876 within the same area, and the Southern Pacific
Railroad laid spur tracks southward from the Declez Quarry along the current alignment of Live
Oak Avenue to Declezville. These tracks originally bypased the subject property; however, they
were later extended into the property (Figures 4 and 5). This is likely because Declez’s original
quarry was located southwest of the project, while the quarry location closesest to the currrent
project was primarily utilized after the the Southern Pacific Railroad took control of operations in
1911/1912 (San Bernardino County Sun 1961). Regardless, all of the tracks within or near the
property have since been removed. The Declez quarries produced Tonalite, a granitic material.
Anicic notes that the quarry was very successful as “[o]ne of the the earliest Los Angeles
skyscrapers, the Brison block at 3rd and Spring, was of the quarry rock found in Declez” (Anicic
2005). In addition, the quarry supplied stone for buildings throughout the state as far north as San
Francisco in addition to the San Pedro breakwater, the Long Beach breakwater, and the Santa
Monica Wharf (Anicic 2005; San Bernardino County Sun 1961; Drummy-Chapel 1981a). Other
quarries also operated in the area and just to the southwest was another quarry owned by the West
Riverside Granite Company that produced similar material as the Declez Quarry (Ballester and
Morales 2019).
Again, around 1911/1912, the Southern Pacific Railroad took controll of the Declez Quarry
and continued to run it for a number of years (Anicic 2005; San Bernardino County Sun 1961;
Drummy-Chapel 1981a). In 1922, it was reported that the quarry, although owned by the Southern
Pacific Railroad, was being operated by the Russell-Foel Co. to supply riprap stone (Department
of Interior 1925). Apparently, the quarry was not used much after 1915 until massive flooding in
1938 caused damage to the Southern Pacific Railroad’s Colton Yard and Stone, and the quarry
was needed for repair (San Bernardino County Sun 1961).
The Declez area was also known for vineyards and wine making. Historic aerials,
discussed futher below, indicate that the southwestern portion of the current project did at one time
contain vineyards. Based upon the location, it is most likely the vineyards surrounding the project
were part of land originally owned by Frank La Vesu (San Bernardino County Sun 1961). Frank
La Vesu came to the area in 1875 and had a vinyard in the area that flourished between 1875 and
1900. La Vesu’s property included a house, winery, barn, and windmill (Drummy-Chapel 1981a).
The main operation of La Vesus’ winery was situated northwest of the subject property near the
corner of Jurupa Avenue and Live Oak Avenue (Anicic 2005). In addition to La Vesu, the Pagliuso
family, originally from Maione Italy, also had vineyards in the area. Declez deeded land to
Guiseppi and Felice Pagliuso in exchange for them clearing land. The Pagliusos also worked in
the quarry (San Bernardino County Sun 1971).
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19
The quarry ceased production in 1950 (MacKevett 1951; San Bernardino County Sun
1961). By 1967, the area formally known as Declezville is listed on the USGS Fontana
Quadrangle as the Fontana Bird Park. Drummy-Chapel listed the bird park in 1981 as the “Fontana
Bird Farm” located at 11730 Live Oak Avenue. The bird park opened around 1961 and was owned
by Michael Thomas of Venice (San Bernardino County Sun 1961; San Bernardino County Sun
1971; Drummy-Chapel 1981a). The Fontana Bird Farm was a destination for local children to
come on field trips (San Bernardino County Sun 1961; San Bernardino County Sun 1966). It is
not clear if any other animals were also housed at the park, but in 1976, proposals were put forth
to the Fontana City Planning Commision to allow a bear, cougar, leopard, and other wild animals
be housed at the park (San Bernardino County Sun 1976). Between 1985 and 1994, much of the
bird park was improved into what is now Southridge Park with sports fields, tennis courts, and
other improvements. However, the portions of the park located within the southwestern corner of
the current project still maintain an open unimproved park atmosphere with walking trails and
open space.
III. SCOPE OF WORK
In order to determine the presence of cultural resources within the proposed project, the
archaeological investigation consisted of the following tasks:
1) An archaeological records search was conducted by BFSA at the SCCIC at CSU
Fullerton to gather any information regarding recorded cultural resources within or
adjacent to the project.
2) The initial archaeological survey of the property was accomplished by conducting a
structured intensive reconnaissance that followed survey transects, which were parallel
to the existing street directions. All areas of disturbed ground and any rodent burrows
were analyzed for evidence of buried archaeological deposits.
3) This archaeological technical report was prepared to present the results of the field
survey, impact analysis, and presentation of any mitigation measures required for
project approval.
Research Goals
The primary goal of the research design is to attempt to understand the way in which
humans have used the land and resources within the project area over time, as well as to aid in the
determination of resource significance. For the current project, the area under investigation is the
southwestern portion of San Bernardino County. The scope of work for the archaeological
program conducted for the Southridge Project included a survey of the 37.8-acre property. Given
the area involved and the narrow focus of the cultural resources study, the research design for this
project was necessarily limited and general in nature. Since the main objective of the investigation
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20
was to identify the presence of and potential impacts to cultural resources, the goal is not
necessarily to answer wide-reaching theories regarding the development of early southern
California, but to investigate the role and importance of the identified resources. Although survey-
level investigations are limited in terms of the amount of information available, several specific
research questions were developed that could be used to guide the initial investigations of any
observed cultural resources. The following research questions take into account the size and
location of the project.
Research Questions:
• Can located cultural resources be situated with a specific time period,
population, or individual?
• Do the types of located cultural resources allow a site activity/function to be
determined from a preliminary investigation? What are the site activities?
What is the site function? What resources were exploited?
• How do the located sites compare to others reported from different surveys
conducted in the area?
• How do the located sites fit existing models of settlement and subsistence for
valley environments of the region?
Data Needs
At the survey level, the principal research objective is a generalized investigation of
changing settlement patterns in both the prehistoric and historic periods within the study area. The
overall goal is to understand settlement and resource procurement patterns of the project area
occupants. Therefore, adequate information on site function, context, and chronology from an
archaeological perspective is essential for the investigation. The fieldwork and archival research
were undertaken with these primary research goals in mind:
1) To identify cultural resources occurring within the project;
2) To determine, if possible, site type and function, context of the deposit, and
chronological placement of each cultural resource identified;
3) To place each cultural resource identified within a regional perspective; and
4) To provide recommendations for the treatment of each of the cultural resources
identified.
Applicable Regulations
Resource importance is assigned to districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that
possess exceptional value or quality illustrating or interpreting the heritage of San Bernardino
County in history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture. A number of criteria are
used in demonstrating resource importance. Specifically, criteria outlined in CEQA provide the
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21
guidance for making such a determination. The following sections detail the CEQA criteria that a
resource must meet in order to be determined important.
California Environmental Quality Act
According to CEQA (§15064.5a), the term “historical resource” includes the following:
1) A resource listed in or determined to be eligible by the State Historical Resources
Commission for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR)
(Public Resources Code [PRC] SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR. Section 4850 et seq.).
2) A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in Section
5020.1(k) of the PRC or identified as significant in a historical resource survey, meeting
the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the PRC, shall be presumed to be historically
or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant
unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or
culturally significant.
3) Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript, which a lead
agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural,
engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military,
or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided
the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the
whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be
“historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR (PRC
SS5024.1, Title 14, Section 4852) including the following:
a) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad
patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage;
b) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
c) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of
construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or
possesses high artistic values; or
d) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or
history.
4) The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined eligible for listing in, the CRHR,
not included in a local register of historical resources (pursuant to Section 5020.1[k] of
the PRC), or identified in a historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in Section
5024.1[g] of the PRC) does not preclude a lead agency from determining that the
resource may be a historical resource as defined in PRC Section 5020.1(j) or 5024.1.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22
According to CEQA (§15064.5b), a project with an effect that may cause a substantial
adverse change in the significance of a historical resource is a project that may have a significant
effect upon the environment. CEQA defines a substantial adverse change as:
1) Substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource means physical
demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate
surroundings such that the significance of an historical resource would be materially
impaired.
2) The significance of a historical resource is materially impaired when a project:
a) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and
that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for, inclusion in the CRHR; or
b) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics that account for its inclusion in a local register of historical
resources pursuant to Section 5020.1(k) of the PRC or its identification in a
historical resources survey meeting the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of
the PRC, unless the public agency reviewing the effects of the project
establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the resource is not historically
or culturally significant; or,
c) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and
that justify its eligibility for inclusion in the CRHR as determined by a lead
agency for purposes of CEQA.
Section 15064.5(c) of CEQA applies to effects upon archaeological sites and contains the
following additional provisions regarding archaeological sites:
1) When a project will impact an archaeological site, a lead agency shall first determine
whether the site is a historical resource, as defined in subsection (a).
2) If a lead agency determines that the archaeological site is a historical resource, it shall
refer to the provisions of Section 21084.1 of the PRC, Section 15126.4 of the
guidelines, and the limits contained in Section 21083.2 of the PRC do not apply.
3) If an archaeological site does not meet the criteria defined in subsection (a), but does
meet the definition of a unique archaeological resource in Section 21083.2 of the PRC,
the site shall be treated in accordance with the provisions of Section 21083.2. The time
and cost limitations described in PRC Section 21083.2(c-f) do not apply to surveys and
site evaluation activities intended to determine whether the project location contains
unique archaeological resources.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23
4) If an archaeological resource is neither a unique archaeological nor historical resource,
the effects of the project on those resources shall not be considered a significant effect
on the environment. It shall be sufficient that both the resource and the effect upon it
are noted in the Initial Study or Environmental Impact Report, if one is prepared to
address impacts upon other resources, but they need not be considered further in the
CEQA process.
Section 15064.5(d) and Section 15064.5 (e) contain additional provisions regarding human
remains. Regarding Native American human remains, paragraph (d) provides:
(d) When an Initial Study identifies the existence of, or the probable likelihood, of Native
American human remains within the project, a lead agency shall work with the
appropriate Native Americans as identified by the Native American Heritage
Commission (NAHC) as provided in PRC SS5097.98. The applicant may develop an
agreement for treating or disposing of, with appropriate dignity, the human remains
and any items associated with Native American burials with the appropriate Native
Americans as identified by the NAHC. Action implementing such an agreement is
exempt from:
1) The general prohibition on disinterring, disturbing, or removing human remains
from any location other than a dedicated cemetery (Health and Safety Code
Section 7050.5).
2) The requirement of CEQA and the Coastal Act.
IV. RESULTS OF STUDY
Background Research and Results of Records Searches
An archaeological records search was conducted by utilizing information from the SCCIC
at CSU Fullerton and the Eastern Information Center at University of California, Riverside. The
results of the records search indicated that one resource (P-36-060221, a prehistoric isolate) has
been recorded within the subject property (see below). Eight additional resources are recorded
within a half-mile of the subject property and include two more prehistoric isolates, a portion of
the Declez Ranch, what remains of the Declezville railroad spur, two transmission lines, the
remains of a sewage treatment plant, and the remnants of the West Riverside Granite Company
quarry (Table 1).
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24
Table 1
Cultural Resources Located Within
One Mile of the Southridge Project
Site(s) Description
SBR-4584H Historic Declez Ranch
SBR-7426H Historic SPRR Declezville Spur
SBR-17,228H Historic Etiwanda-San Bernardino 220 kV
Transmission Line
SBR-17,229H Historic Mira Loma 230 kV Transmission Line
SBR-29,467H Historic sewage treatment plant
RIV-12,935 Historic West Riverside Granite Company quarry
P-36-060216, P-36-060217, and P-36-
060221 Prehistoric Isolate
The records search identified 19 reports within the search radius, five of which intersect
the current project (Schroth 1981; Drummy-Chapel 1981a; Drummy-Chapel 1981b; Encarnacion
et al. 2008). The Schroth and Drummy-Chapel studies were conducted in support of the
Southridge development with the former focusing on the archaeological resources and the latter
on historic resources. Based upon the previous studies, a single prehistoric metate, P-36-060221,
was identified within the project (Schroth 1981). No formal site forms were completed for the
isolate; however, the documentation on-file with the SCCIC describes the isolate as “½ of a schist
metate, slab. In area of material dumped from quarry. Probably out of context” (Schroth 1981).
Drummy-Chapel did not identify any structures or known historic feature within the current project
that required additional study (1981a). Rather, Drummy-Chapel stated that all historical resources
located in the project area have been well documented both in literature of the area and in
photographs” (1981a). The Drummy-Chapel study did also make the general statement that
“building foundations of the former town of Declezville which are within the Fontana Bird Park
should be preserved” but did not provide any further information in regards to where these
foundations once were (1981a). The complete records search information is found in Appendix
C.
The following historic sources were also reviewed:
• The National Register of Historic Places Index
• The Office of Historic Preservation (OHP), Archaeological Determinations of
Eligibility
• The OHP, Directory of Properties in the Historic Property Data File
• The USGS 15' 1896 San Bernadino, 15' 1943 Fontana, 7.5' 1953, 1967, 1975, and 1985
Fontana topographic maps
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25
• Historic aerials available on-line at Historicaerials.com and University of California
Santa Barbara (1933, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1959, 1966, 1967, 1985, 1994, 2002, 2005,
2010, and 2018)
These sources did not identify any other resources or information that differs from the already
established history of the project. The maps show the property as part of the Declezville
community and near the quarry area. The first map to explicitly call out the quarry location along
the western boundary is the 1967 Fontana topographic map; however, the aerial photographs do
indicate that quarry activities were taking place adjacent to and within the subject property as early
as 1933 (Figure 6).
The historic aerials beginning in 1933 show the west facing slope that comprises the eastern
portion of the project as having been subjected to quarrying, while the portion of the project which
is now part of the Southridge/Fontana Bird Park shows vineyards with structures in the southwest
corner (Plate 2). The 1948 aerial shows more extensive quarrying within and along the western
periphery of the project (Plate 3). By 1959, the vineyard portion of the project appears as vacant
fields and the quarry is no longer active. By 1966, the structure that had been located in the
southwest corner of the project is no longer visible (Plate 4). Further, the subsequent photos show
the transition and use of the southwest corner of the property into the Fontana Bird Park; however,
by 1994, the Southridge Park had been developed directly to the west and the subject property
appears similar to how it is now consisting of walking trails and open space.
BFSA also requested a Sacred Lands File search from the NAHC. As of the date of this
report, a response has not yet been received. All correspondence is provided in Appendix D.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
30
Field Reconnaissance
Principal Investigator Brian F. Smith directed the pedestrian survey of the project with
assistance from Field Archaeologist Clarence Hoff on March 9, 2022. Aerial photographs, maps,
and a compass permitted orientation and location of project boundaries. Where possible, narrow
transect paths were employed to ensure maximum lot coverage. All exposed ground was inspected
for cultural materials. A survey form and photographs documented the survey work undertaken.
The entire eastern half of the property has been cleared and dirt trails run throughout. The
eastern portion of Southridge/Fontana Bird Park and the base of the foothills east of the park are
within the western half of the project. The eastern half of the project contains highly impacted
slopes and the bases of low-lying foothills (Plate 5). The bedrock present within the project has
been excavated, mechanically broken, and pushed into piles along with the existing topsoil.
Generally, the vegetation encountered during the survey consisted of non-native weeds and grasses
with eucalyptus and pine trees present throughout the Southridge/Fontana Bird Park portion of the
project (Plate 6). Again, the portion of the park first began to be planted and developed in the
1960s.
Plate 5: Overview of the project, facing northwest.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
31
In the northwestern portion of the project are short walking trails lined with small rock and
mortar walls (Plate 7). The walls extend to Live Oak Avenue where slightly larger wing walls
mark their entrance (Plate 8). These trails are not visible on the property until after the
development of the Fontana Bird Park, and as depicted on Plate 8, the wing walls appear to be
formed by concrete block and covered by a stone and mortar veneer. However, the wall alignment
does appear to correspond to the layout of the property as early as 1966. As such, the walls appear
to be historic landscaping elements for the former Fontana Bird Park. Considering the age of the
walls as older than 50 years, the walls were recorded on the applicable Department of Parks and
Recreation forms (DPR 523) and are included in Appendix B. However, the walls are not eligible
for the listing in the CRHR and are not considered a significant historical resource under CEQA.
The historic research of the property did not identify any information that would connect them to
any historic events or individuals. The Fontana Bird Park appears to have only been in operation
between the 1960s and 1980s and was owned by Michael Thomas of Venice, who is not considered
an historically significant individual. Further, the walls do not embody any distinctive
characteristics of type, period, region, or method of construction, nor do they represent the work
of an important creative individual, or possess high artistic values. The walls are also unlikely to
yield any information important to prehistory or history. Finally, the integrity of the resource has
been impacted by the removal of all other structural elements of the Fontana Bird Park, the
development of the neighboring Southridge Park, and associated housing developments.
Plate 6: Overview of the project, facing northeast.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
32
Plate 7: View of the walking path and rock/mortar wall, facing
northwest.
Plate 8: View of the entrance, facing southeast.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
33
Despite the past and varied uses of the project, no historical resources as defined by CEQA
were identified during the survey. It is obvious the property has been impacted by the previous
land use; however, no distinct significant cultural remnants were identified. Much of the lower
park area of the project, which had been used previously as a vineyard, has been cleared multiple
times, most notably for the creation of the Fontana Bird Park. Further, all notable remnants of the
Declez Quarry have been removed and all that is visible are areas of pushed dirt and rock which
do not convey, or can be conclusively attributed to, the historic use of the property.
V. RECOMMENDATIONS
The cultural resources study for the Southridge Project was completed in accordance with
the City of Fontana environmental policies and CEQA significance evaluation criteria. Based
upon the historic research, the property has been utilized for a variety of endeavors and did
historically contain structures. Further, the archaeological records search data indicates that a
prehistoric isolated artifact has previously been identified within the project. The current study
did not identify any significant historical resources within the project; however, the property has
been cleared and impacted by previous development which may have obscured resources.
Therefore, whether or not any archaeological sites or deposits have ever existed within the subject
property is unclear, and the current status of the property appears to have affected the potential to
discover any surface scatters of artifacts. As such, the property still has potential to yield
archaeological resources that may have been obscured by the previous clearing and use of the
property. As a result, it is recommended that an archaeological monitor be present during future
ground disturbances associated with the project to observe grading and identify any historic or
prehistoric resources that may be exposed by earthwork. Monitoring of grading is recommended
as a permit requirement. The monitoring program will include Native American observers only in
the event that prehistoric deposits are discovered. The archaeological monitoring program should
have the following protocols and procedures:
Cultural Resources Monitoring Program
A monitoring program to mitigate potential impacts to undiscovered buried cultural
resources within the Southridge Project shall be implemented to the satisfaction of the lead agency.
This program shall include, but not be limited to, the following actions:
1) Prior to issuance of a grading permit, the applicant shall provide written verification
that a certified archaeologist has been retained to implement the monitoring program.
This verification shall be presented in a letter from the project archaeologist to the lead
agency.
2) The project applicant shall provide Native American monitoring during grading. The
Native American monitor shall work in concert with the archaeological monitor to
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
34
observe ground disturbances and search for cultural materials.
3) The certified archaeologist shall attend the pre-grading meeting with the contractors to
explain and coordinate the requirements of the monitoring program.
4) During the original cutting of previously undisturbed deposits, the archaeological
monitor(s) and tribal representative shall be on-site, as determined by the consulting
archaeologist, to perform periodic inspections of the excavations. The frequency of
inspections will depend upon the rate of excavation, the materials excavated, and the
presence and abundance of artifacts and features. The consulting archaeologist shall
have the authority to modify the monitoring program if the potential for cultural
resources appears to be less than anticipated.
5) Isolates and clearly non-significant deposits will be minimally documented in the field
so the monitored grading can proceed.
6) In the event that previously unidentified cultural resources are discovered, the
archaeologist shall have the authority to divert or temporarily halt ground disturbance
operation in the area of discovery to allow for the evaluation of potentially significant
cultural resources. The archaeologist shall contact the lead agency at the time of
discovery. The archaeologist, in consultation with the lead agency, shall determine the
significance of the discovered resources. The lead agency must concur with the
evaluation before construction activities will be allowed to resume in the affected area.
For significant cultural resources, a Research Design and Data Recovery Program to
mitigate impacts shall be prepared by the consulting archaeologist and approved by the
lead agency before being carried out using professional archaeological methods. If any
human bones are discovered, the county coroner and lead agency shall be contacted.
In the event that the remains are determined to be of Native American origin, the Most
Likely Descendant, as identified by the NAHC, shall be contacted in order to determine
proper treatment and disposition of the remains.
7) Before construction activities are allowed to resume in the affected area, the artifacts
shall be recovered and features recorded using professional archaeological methods.
The project archaeologist shall determine the amount of material to be recovered for an
adequate artifact sample for analysis.
8) All cultural material collected during the grading monitoring program shall be
processed and curated according to the current professional repository standards. The
collections and associated records shall be transferred, including title, to an appropriate
curation facility, to be accompanied by payment of the fees necessary for permanent
curation.
9) A report documenting the field and analysis results and interpreting the artifact and
research data within the research context shall be completed and submitted to the
satisfaction of the lead agency prior to the issuance of any building permits. The report
will include DPR Primary and Archaeological Site Forms.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
35
VI. CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that the statements furnished above and in the attached exhibits present the
data and information required for this archaeological report, and that the facts, statements, and
information presented are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and have been
compiled in accordance with CEQA criteria as defined in Section 15064.5.
March 21, 2022
Brian F. Smith Date
Principal Investigator VII. REFERENCES
Ancestry.com 2009a 1860 United States Federal Census (database online). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc.
2009b 1870 United States Federal Census (database online). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Anicic, John Charles, Jr. 1982 National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form, Fontana Farms Company Ranch House, Camp #1 (Pepper Street House). Fontana Historical Society. Form on file at the United States Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. 2005 Images of America: Fontana. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; Portsmouth, New Hampshire; and San Francisco, California. Antevs, Ernst 1953 The Postpluvial or the Neothermal. University of California Archaeological Survey
Reports 22:9–23, Berkeley, California. Ballester and Morales 2019 State of California Department of Parks and Recreation Primary Record form for Site P-36-060221. CRM Tech. DPR form on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton. Bean, Lowell John 1978 Cahuilla. In California, edited by R.F. Heizer, pp. 575–587. Handbook of North
American Indians, Vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
36
Bean, Lowell John and Charles R. Smith 1978 Serrano. In California, edited by R.F. Heizer, pp. 570–574. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Bean, Lowell John and Florence C. Shipek 1978 Luiseño. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 550–563. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Beattie, George W. and Helen P. Beattie 1939 Heritage of the Valley: San Bernardino’s First Century. Biobooks, Oakland, California. Benedict, Ruth Fulton 1924 A Brief Sketch of Serrano Culture. American Anthropologist 26(3). Brigandi, Phil 1998 Temecula: At the Crossroads of History. Heritage Media Corporation, Encinitas, California. Caughey, John W. 1970 California, A Remarkable State’s Life History. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Chapman, Charles E. 1921 A History of California: The Spanish Period. The Macmillan Company, New York. City of Fontana 2018 About The City of Fontana. Electronic document, https://www.fontana.org/255/About -The-City-of-Fontana, accessed June 11, 2018. City of Fontana 2018a Fontana Forward General Plan Update 2015–2035. Approved and Adopted by City Council November 13, 2018. Electronic document, https://www.fontana.org/ DocumentCenter/View/28271/Complete-Document---Approved-General-Plan-Documents-11-13-2018, accessed June 29, 2021. 2018b Fontana Forward General Plan Update 2015–2035 Draft Environmental Impact Report (State Clearinghouse #2016021099). Electronic document, https://www.fontana.org/ DocumentCenter/View/29524/Draft-Environmental-Impact-Report-for-the-General-Plan-Update, accessed June 29, 2021.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
37
Cohen, K.M., and Gibbard, P.L. 2011 Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy), Cambridge, England. Electronic document, http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/POSTERstratchart-v2011.jpg.pdf, accessed November 19, 2021. Conford, Danial (editor) 1995 Working People of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford, California. Cook, Sherburne F. 1976 The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. Curray, Joseph R. 1965 Late Quaternary History: Continental Shelves of the United States. In Quaternary of
the United States, edited by H.E. Wright Jr. and D.G. Frey, pp. 723–735. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Department of Interior 1925 Mineral Resources of the United States 1922. Washington Government Printing Office, Washington D.C. Drucker, Philip 1937 Culture Element Distributions: V. Southern California. Anthropological Records 1(1):1-52. University of California, Berkeley. Drummy-Chapel, Vada 1981a Historical Assessment of Southridge Village. Archaeological Resource Management Corporation. Unpublished report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton. 1981b Addendum to Historical Assessment of the Southridge Village Project, City of Fontana, California. Archaeological Resource Management Corporation. Unpublished report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton. Encarnacion, Deidre, Harry M. Quinn, Daniel Ballester, and Laura H. Shaker 2008 Identification and Evaluation of Historic Properties: Fontana-3 Pipeline Laterals Recycled Water Pipeline Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County, California. CRm Tech. Unpublished report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
38
Engelhardt, Zephyrin 1921 San Luis Rey Mission, The King of the Missions. James M. Barry Company, San Francisco, California. Erlandson, Jon M. and Roger H. Colten (editors) 1991 An Archaeological Context for Archaeological Sites on the California Coast. In
Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1, Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Fagan, B. 1991 Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent. Thames and Hudson. London. Gallegos, Dennis 1985 A Review and Synthesis of Environmental and Cultural Material for the Batiquitos Lagoon Region. In San Diego State University Cultural Resource Management Casual
Papers 2(1). 2002 Southern California in Transition: Late Holocene Occupation of Southern San Diego County. In Catalysts to Complexity: Late Holocene Societies of the California Coast, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Terry Jones. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Gunther, Jane Davies 1984 Riverside County, California, Place Names: Their Origins and Their Stories. Rubidoux Printing, Riverside, California. Hall, William Hammond 1888 The Field, Water-Supply, and Works, Organization and Operation in San Diego, San
Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties: The Second Part of the Report of the State
Engineer of California on Irrigation and the Irrigation Question. State Office, J.D. Young, Supt. State Printing, Sacramento. Heizer, Robert F. (editor) 1978 Trade and Trails. In California, pp. 690–693. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Inman, Douglas L. 1983 Application of Coastal Dynamics to the Reconstruction of Paleocoastlines in the Vicinity of La Jolla, California. In Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology, edited by Patricia M. Masters and N.C. Flemming. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Florida.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
39
King, Chester DeWitt and Thomas C. Blackburn 1978 Tataviam. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Kroeber, A.L. 1976 Handbook of the Indians of California. Reprinted. Dover Editions, Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Originally published 1925, Bulletin No. 78, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Lump, E., and Walker, G.R. 2021 Feasibility/Due Diligence-Level Geotechnical Assessment, Live Oak Project, Undeveloped Land Southeast of Live Oak Drive and Village Drive, Assessor’s Parcel Number (APN) 0237-411-14, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County, California. Unpublished consulting report prepared for Newbridge Homes, Newport Beach, California, by Petra Geosciences, Temecula, California. MacKevett, E.M. 1951 Geology of the Jurupa Mountains, San Bernardino and Riverside Counties, California. Division of Mines Special Report No. 5, State of California Dept. of Natural Resources, San Francisco. Martin, P.S. 1967 Prehistoric Overkill. In Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, edited by P. Martin and H.E. Wright. Yale University Press: New Haven. 1973 The Discovery of America. Science 179(4077):969–974. Masters, Patricia M. 1983 Detection and Assessment of Prehistoric Artifact Sites off the Coast of Southern California. In Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology: Towards the
Prehistory of Land Bridges and Continental Shelves, edited by P.M. Masters and N.C. Flemming, pp. 189–213. Academic Press, London. 1994 Archaeological Investigations at Five Sites on the Lower San Luis Rey River, San Diego County, California, edited by Michael Moratto, pp. A1–A19. Infotec Research, Fresno, California and Gallegos and Associates, Pacific Palisades California. McLean, Deborah and Jani Monk 1997 Cultural Resource Assessment of the Kaiser West End Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County, CA. 12+PP. LSA. Unpublished report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton. Miller, J. 1966 The Present and Past Molluscan Faunas and Environments of Four Southern
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
40
California Coastal Lagoons. Master’s thesis on file at the University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California. Moratto, Michael J. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. Moss, M.L. and J. Erlandson 1995 Reflections on North American Coast Prehistory. Journal of World Prehistory 9(1):1–46. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012 A Model for Identifying and Evaluating the Historic Significance of Post-World War II
Housing. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. Patterson, Tom 1971 A Colony for California: Riverside’s First Hundred Years. Press-Enterprice Company, Riverside, California. Pourade, Richard F. 1961 Time of the Bells. In The History of San Diego (Volume 2). Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego, California. 1963 The Silver Dons. In The History of San Diego (Volume 3). Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego, California. Reddy, Seetha 2000 Settling the Highlands: Late Holocene Highland Adaptations on Camp Pendleton, San Diego County California. Prepared for the Army Corps of Engineers by ASM Affiliates. Unpublished report on file at South Coastal Information Center at San Diego State University, San Diego, California. Rogers, Malcolm J. 1929 Field Notes, 1929 San Diego-Smithsonian Expedition. Manuscript on file at San Diego Museum of Man. Rolle, Andrew F. 1969 California: A History. 2nd ed. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New York.
San Bernardino County Sun 1961 Declez Granite Hauled to Make Harbor for L.A. 23 April:55. San Bernardino, California. 1966 Watch Chickens. 6 November:18. San Bernardino, California. 1971 Big Bird Killed; Mate Mutilated in Fontana. 4 May:4. San Bernardino, California.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
41
1976 Animal refuge requested. 8 August:34. San Bernardino, California. Schroth, Adella 1981 Archaeological Assessment of the Southridge Village Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County. Archaeological Resource Management Corporation. Unpublished report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton. Strong, William Duncan 1971 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. Reprint of 1929 Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology No. 26, University of California, Berkeley. Sturm, Bradley L., Jani Monk, and Ivan H. Strudwick 1995 Cultural Resources Survey & National Register Assessment of the Kaiser Steel Mill for the California Speedway Project, Fontana, CA. LSA. Unpublished report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections 2018 Pope & Talbot records, circa 1849-1975. Electronic file, http://archiveswest.orbis cascade.org/ark:/80444/xv14450/pdf, accessed February 26, 2019. Van Devender, T.R. and W.G. Spaulding 1979 Development of Vegetation and Climate in the Southwestern United States. Science 204:701–710. Warren, Claude N. and M.G. Pavesic 1963 Shell Midden Analysis of Site SDI-603 and Ecological Implications for Cultural Development of Batequitos Lagoon, San Diego County, Los Angeles. University of
California, Los Angeles, Archaeological Survey Annual Report, 1960-1961:246–338. Wirths, Todd A. 2022 Paleontological Assessment for the Southridge Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Unpublished report on file at Brian F. Smith and Aossciates, Inc. World Forestry Center 2017 Andrew Jackson Pope (1820-1978). Electronic document, https://www.worldforestry .org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/POPE-ANDREW-JACKSON.pdf, accessed February 26, 2019.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX A
Resumes of Key Personnel
Brian F. Smith, MA
Owner, Principal Investigator
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road Suite A
Phone: (858) 679-8218 Fax: (858) 679-9896 E-Mail: bsmith@bfsa-ca.com
Education
Master of Arts, History, University of San Diego, California 1982
Bachelor of Arts, History, and Anthropology, University of San Diego, California 1975
Professional Memberships
Society for California Archaeology
Experience
Principal Investigator 1977–Present
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Poway, California
Brian F. Smith is the owner and principal historical and archaeological consultant for Brian F. Smith and
Associates. Over the past 32 years, he has conducted over 2,500 cultural resource studies in California,
Arizona, Nevada, Montana, and Texas. These studies include every possible aspect of archaeology
from literature searches and large-scale surveys to intensive data recovery excavations. Reports
prepared by Mr. Smith have been submitted to all facets of local, state, and federal review agencies,
including the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Land Management, the Bureau of
Reclamation, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Homeland Security. In addition, Mr.
Smith has conducted studies for utility companies (Sempra Energy) and state highway departments
(CalTrans).
Professional Accomplishments
These selected major professional accomplishments represent research efforts that have added
significantly to the body of knowledge concerning the prehistoric life ways of cultures once present in
the Southern California area and historic settlement since the late 18th century. Mr. Smith has been
principal investigator on the following select projects, except where noted.
Downtown San Diego Mitigation and Monitoring Reporting Programs: Large numbers of downtown San
Diego mitigation and monitoring projects, some of which included Broadway Block (2019), 915 Grape
Street (2019), 1919 Pacific Highway (2018), Moxy Hotel (2018), Makers Quarter Block D (2017), Ballpark
Village (2017), 460 16th Street (2017), Kettner and Ash (2017), Bayside Fire Station (2017), Pinnacle on the
Park (2017), IDEA1 (2016), Blue Sky San Diego (2016), Pacific Gate (2016), Pendry Hotel (2015), Cisterra
Sempra Office Tower (2014), 15th and Island (2014), Park and G (2014), Comm 22 (2014), 7th and F Street
Parking (2013), Ariel Suites (2013), 13th and Marker (2012), Strata (2008), Hotel Indigo (2008), Lofts at 707
10th Avenue Project (2007), Breeza (2007), Bayside at the Embarcadero (2007), Aria (2007), Icon (2007),
Vantage Pointe (2007), Aperture (2007), Sapphire Tower (2007), Lofts at 655 Sixth Avenue (2007),
Metrowork (2007), The Legend (2006), The Mark (2006), Smart Corner (2006), Lofts at 677 7th Avenue
(2005), Aloft on Cortez Hill (2005), Front and Beech Apartments (2003), Bella Via Condominiums (2003),
Acqua Vista Residential Tower (2003), Northblock Lofts (2003), Westin Park Place Hotel (2001), Parkloft
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 2
Apartment Complex (2001), Renaissance Park (2001), and Laurel Bay Apartments (2001).
1900 and 1912 Spindrift Drive: An extensive data recovery and mitigation monitoring program at the
Spindrift Site, an important prehistoric archaeological habitation site stretching across the La Jolla
area. The project resulted in the discovery of over 20,000 artifacts and nearly 100,000 grams of bulk
faunal remains and marine shell, indicating a substantial occupation area (2013-2014).
San Diego Airport Development Project: An extensive historic assessment of multiple buildings at the
San Diego International Airport and included the preparation of Historic American Buildings Survey
documentation to preserve significant elements of the airport prior to demolition (2017-2018).
Citracado Parkway Extension: A still-ongoing project in the city of Escondido to mitigate impacts to an
important archaeological occupation site. Various archaeological studies have been conducted by
BFSA resulting in the identification of a significant cultural deposit within the project area.
Westin Hotel and Timeshare (Grand Pacific Resorts): Data recovery and mitigation monitoring program
in the city of Carlsbad consisted of the excavation of 176 one-square-meter archaeological data
recovery units which produced thousands of prehistoric artifacts and ecofacts, and resulted in the
preservation of a significant prehistoric habitation site. The artifacts recovered from the site presented
important new data about the prehistory of the region and Native American occupation in the area
(2017).
The Everly Subdivision Project: Data recovery and mitigation monitoring program in the city of El Cajon
resulted in the identification of a significant prehistoric occupation site from both the Late Prehistoric
and Archaic Periods, as well as producing historic artifacts that correspond to the use of the property
since 1886. The project produced an unprecedented quantity of artifacts in comparison to the area
encompassed by the site, but lacked characteristics that typically reflect intense occupation, indicating
that the site was used intensively for food processing (2014-2015).
Ballpark Village: A mitigation and monitoring program within three city blocks in the East Village area of
San Diego resulting in the discovery of a significant historic deposit. Nearly 5,000 historic artifacts and
over 500,000 grams of bulk historic building fragments, food waste, and other materials representing an
occupation period between 1880 and 1917 were recovered (2015-2017).
Archaeology at the Padres Ballpark: Involved the analysis of historic resources within a seven-block area
of the “East Village” area of San Diego, where occupation spanned a period from the 1870s to the
1940s. Over a period of two years, BFSA recovered over 200,000 artifacts and hundreds of pounds of
metal, construction debris, unidentified broken glass, and wood. Collectively, the Ballpark Project and
the other downtown mitigation and monitoring projects represent the largest historical archaeological
program anywhere in the country in the past decade (2000-2007).
4S Ranch Archaeological and Historical Cultural Resources Study: Data recovery program consisted of
the excavation of over 2,000 square meters of archaeological deposits that produced over one million
artifacts, containing primarily prehistoric materials. The archaeological program at 4S Ranch is the
largest archaeological study ever undertaken in the San Diego County area and has produced data
that has exceeded expectations regarding the resolution of long-standing research questions and
regional prehistoric settlement patterns.
Charles H. Brown Site: Attracted international attention to the discovery of evidence of the antiquity of
man in North America. Site located in Mission Valley, in the city of San Diego.
Del Mar Man Site: Study of the now famous Early Man Site in Del Mar, California, for the San Diego
Science Foundation and the San Diego Museum of Man, under the direction of Dr. Spencer Rogers and
Dr. James R. Moriarty.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 3
Old Town State Park Projects: Consulting Historical Archaeologist. Projects completed in the Old Town
State Park involved development of individual lots for commercial enterprises. The projects completed
in Old Town include Archaeological and Historical Site Assessment for the Great Wall Cafe (1992),
Archaeological Study for the Old Town Commercial Project (1991), and Cultural Resources Site Survey at
the Old San Diego Inn (1988).
Site W-20, Del Mar, California: A two-year-long investigation of a major prehistoric site in the Del Mar
area of the city of San Diego. This research effort documented the earliest practice of
religious/ceremonial activities in San Diego County (circa 6,000 years ago), facilitated the projection of
major non-material aspects of the La Jolla Complex, and revealed the pattern of civilization at this site
over a continuous period of 5,000 years. The report for the investigation included over 600 pages, with
nearly 500,000 words of text, illustrations, maps, and photographs documenting this major study.
City of San Diego Reclaimed Water Distribution System: A cultural resource study of nearly 400 miles of
pipeline in the city and county of San Diego.
Master Environmental Assessment Project, City of Poway: Conducted for the City of Poway to produce
a complete inventory of all recorded historic and prehistoric properties within the city. The information
was used in conjunction with the City’s General Plan Update to produce a map matrix of the city
showing areas of high, moderate, and low potential for the presence of cultural resources. The effort
also included the development of the City’s Cultural Resource Guidelines, which were adopted as City
policy.
Draft of the City of Carlsbad Historical and Archaeological Guidelines: Contracted by the City of
Carlsbad to produce the draft of the City’s historical and archaeological guidelines for use by the
Planning Department of the City.
The Mid-Bayfront Project for the City of Chula Vista: Involved a large expanse of undeveloped
agricultural land situated between the railroad and San Diego Bay in the northwestern portion of the
city. The study included the analysis of some potentially historic features and numerous prehistoric
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Audie Murphy
Ranch, Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of 1,113.4 acres
and 43 sites, both prehistoric and historic—included project coordination; direction of field crews;
evaluation of sites for significance based on County of Riverside and CEQA guidelines; assessment of
cupule, pictograph, and rock shelter sites, co-authoring of cultural resources project report.
February- September 2002.
Cultural Resources Evaluation of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Otay Ranch Village 13
Project, San Diego County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of 1,947 acres
and 76 sites, both prehistoric and historic—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of
field crews; assessment of sites for significance based on County of San Diego and CEQA guidelines; co-
authoring of cultural resources project report. May-November 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey for the Remote Video Surveillance Project, El Centro Sector, Imperial County:
Project manager/director for a survey of 29 individual sites near the U.S./Mexico Border for proposed
video surveillance camera locations associated with the San Diego Border barrier Project—project
coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; site identification and recordation; assessment of
potential impacts to cultural resources; meeting and coordinating with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
U.S. Border Patrol, and other government agencies involved; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report. January, February, and July 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Menifee West GPA,
Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of nine sites, both prehistoric
and historic—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; assessment of sites
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 4
for significance based on County of Riverside and CEQA guidelines; historic research; co-authoring of
cultural resources project report. January-March 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed French Valley Specific Plan/EIR, Riverside
County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of two prehistoric and three historic
sites—included project coordination and budgeting; survey of project area; Native American
consultation; direction of field crews; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines;
cultural resources project report in prep. July-August 2000.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Menifee Ranch,
Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of one prehistoric and five
historic sites—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; feature
recordation; historic structure assessments; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA
guidelines; historic research; co-authoring of cultural resources project report. February-June 2000.
Salvage Mitigation of a Portion of the San Diego Presidio Identified During Water Pipe Construction for
the City of San Diego, California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews;
development and completion of data recovery program; management of artifact collections
cataloging and curation; data synthesis and authoring of cultural resources project report in prep. April
2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Tyrian 3 Project, La Jolla, California: Project
manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project coordination;
assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural resources project
report. April 2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Lamont 5 Project, Pacific Beach, California:
Project manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project
coordination; assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural
resources project report. April 2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Reiss Residence Project, La Jolla, California:
Project manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project
coordination; assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural
resources project report. March-April 2000.
Salvage Mitigation of a Portion of Site SDM-W-95 (CA-SDI-211) for the Poinsettia Shores Santalina
Development Project and Caltrans, Carlsbad, California: Project archaeologist/ director—included
direction of field crews; development and completion of data recovery program; management of
artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis and authoring of cultural resources project
report in prep. December 1999-January 2000.
Survey and Testing of Two Prehistoric Cultural Resources for the Airway Truck Parking Project, Otay Mesa,
California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of testing recovery program; assessment of site for significance based on CEQA guidelines;
authoring of cultural resources project report, in prep. December 1999-January 2000.
Cultural Resources Phase I and II Investigations for the Tin Can Hill Segment of the Immigration and
Naturalization Services Triple Fence Project Along the International Border, San Diego County, California:
Project manager/director for a survey and testing of a prehistoric quarry site along the border—NRHP
eligibility assessment; project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; feature recordation;
meeting and coordinating with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report. December 1999-January 2000.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 5
Mitigation of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Westview High School Project for the City of San
Diego, California: Project archaeologist/ director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of data recovery program including collection of material for specialized faunal and
botanical analyses; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines; management of
artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report, in prep. October 1999-January 2000.
Mitigation of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Otay Ranch SPA-One West Project for the City of
Chula Vista, California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews; development
of data recovery program; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; assessment of
site for significance based on CEQA guidelines; data synthesis; authoring of cultural resources project
report, in prep. September 1999-January 2000.
Monitoring of Grading for the Herschel Place Project, La Jolla, California: Project archaeologist/ monitor—
included monitoring of grading activities associated with the development of a single- dwelling parcel.
September 1999.
Survey and Testing of a Historic Resource for the Osterkamp Development Project, Valley Center,
California: Project archaeologist/ director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of data recovery program; budget development; assessment of site for significance based
on CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis;
authoring of cultural resources project report. July-August 1999.
Survey and Testing of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Proposed College Boulevard Alignment
Project, Carlsbad, California: Project manager/director —included direction of field crews;
development and completion of testing recovery program; assessment of site for significance based on
CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis;
authoring of cultural resources project report, in prep. July-August 1999.
Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources for the Palomar Christian Conference Center Project,
Palomar Mountain, California: Project archaeologist—included direction of field crews; assessment of
sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and
curation; data synthesis; authoring of cultural resources project report. July-August 1999.
Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources at the Village 2 High School Site, Otay Ranch, City of Chula
Vista, California: Project manager/director —management of artifact collections cataloging and
curation; assessment of site for significance based on CEQA guidelines; data synthesis; authoring of
cultural resources project report. July 1999.
Cultural Resources Phase I, II, and III Investigations for the Immigration and Naturalization Services Triple
Fence Project Along the International Border, San Diego County, California: Project
manager/director for the survey, testing, and mitigation of sites along border—supervision of multiple
field crews, NRHP eligibility assessments, Native American consultation, contribution to Environmental
Assessment document, lithic and marine shell analysis, authoring of cultural resources project report.
August 1997- January 2000.
Phase I, II, and II Investigations for the Scripps Poway Parkway East Project, Poway California: Project
archaeologist/project director—included recordation and assessment of multicomponent prehistoric
and historic sites; direction of Phase II and III investigations; direction of laboratory analyses including
prehistoric and historic collections; curation of collections; data synthesis; coauthorship of final cultural
resources report. February 1994; March-September 1994; September-December 1995.
Andrew J. Garrison, MA, RPA
Project Archaeologist
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road Suite A
Phone: (858) 679-8218 Fax: (858) 679-9896 E-Mail: agarrison@bfsa-ca.com
Education
Master of Arts, Public History, University of California, Riverside 2009
Bachelor of Science, Anthropology, University of California, Riverside 2005
Bachelor of Arts, History, University of California, Riverside 2005
Professional Memberships
Register of Professional Archaeologists
Society for California Archaeology
Society for American Archaeology
California Council for the Promotion of History
Society of Primitive Technology
Lithic Studies Society
California Preservation Foundation
Pacific Coast Archaeological Society
Experience
Project Archaeologist June 2017–Present
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Poway, California
Project management of all phases of archaeological investigations for local, state, and federal
agencies including National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA) level projects interacting with clients, sub-consultants, and lead agencies. Supervise and
perform fieldwork including archaeological survey, monitoring, site testing, comprehensive site records
checks, and historic building assessments. Perform and oversee technological analysis of prehistoric
lithic assemblages. Author or co-author cultural resource management reports submitted to private
clients and lead agencies.
Senior Archaeologist and GIS Specialist 2009–2017
Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. Orange, California
Served as Project Archaeologist or Principal Investigator on multiple projects, including archaeological
monitoring, cultural resource surveys, test excavations, and historic building assessments. Directed
projects from start to finish, including budget and personnel hours proposals, field and laboratory
direction, report writing, technical editing, Native American consultation, and final report submittal.
Oversaw all GIS projects including data collection, spatial analysis, and map creation.
Preservation Researcher 2009
City of Riverside Modernism Survey Riverside, California
Completed DPR Primary, District, and Building, Structure and Object Forms for five sites for a grant-
funded project to survey designated modern architectural resources within the City of Riverside.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 2
Information Officer 2005, 2008–2009
Eastern Information Center (EIC), University of California, Riverside Riverside, California
Processed and catalogued restricted and unrestricted archaeological and historical site record forms.
Conducted research projects and records searches for government agencies and private cultural
resource firms.
Reports/Papers
2019 A Class III Archaeological Study for the Tuscany Valley (TM 33725) Project National Historic
Preservation Act Section 106 Compliance, Lake Elsinore, Riverside County, California.
Contributing author. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Phase I and II Cultural Resources Assessment for the Jack Rabbit Trail Logistics Center Project,
City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the 10575 Foothill Boulevard Project, Rancho
Cucamonga, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 Cultural Resources Study for the County Road and East End Avenue Project, City of Chino, San
Bernardino County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 Phase II Cultural Resource Study for the McElwain Project, City of Murrieta, California.
Contributing author. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Section 106 (NHPA) Historic Resources Study for the McElwain Project, City of Murrieta,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 Cultural Resource Monitoring Report for the Sewer Group 818 Project, City of San Diego. Brian F.
Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 Phase I Cultural Resource Survey for the Stone Residence Project, 1525 Buckingham Drive, La
Jolla, California 92037. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Seaton Commerce Center Project, Riverside
County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Marbella Villa Project, City of Desert Hot Springs,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey for TTM 37109, City of Jurupa Valley, County of Riverside. Brian
F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Winchester Dollar General Store Project,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2016 John Wayne Airport Jet Fuel Pipeline and Tank Farm Archaeological Monitoring Plan. Scientific
Resource Surveys, Inc. On file at the County of Orange, California.
2016 Historic Resource Assessment for 220 South Batavia Street, Orange, CA 92868 Assessor’s Parcel
Number 041-064-4. Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. Submitted to the City of Orange as part of
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 3
Mills Act application.
2015 Historic Resource Report: 807-813 Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles. Scientific Resource Surveys,
Inc. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.
2015 Exploring a Traditional Rock Cairn: Test Excavation at CA-SDI-13/RBLI-26: The Rincon Indian
Reservation, San Diego County, California. Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc.
2014 Archaeological Monitoring Results: The New Los Angeles Federal Courthouse. Scientific
Resource Surveys, Inc. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State
University, Fullerton.
2012 Bolsa Chica Archaeological Project Volume 7, Technological Analysis of Stone Tools, Lithic
Technology at Bolsa Chica: Reduction Maintenance and Experimentation. Scientific Resource
Surveys, Inc.
Presentations
2017 “Repair and Replace: Lithic Production Behavior as Indicated by the Debitage Assemblage from
CA-MRP-283 the Hackney Site.” Presented at the Society for California Archaeology Annual
Meeting, Fish Camp, California.
2016 “Bones, Stones, and Shell at Bolsa Chica: A Ceremonial Relationship?” Presented at the Society
for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2016 “Markers of Time: Exploring Transitions in the Bolsa Chica Assemblage.” Presented at the Society
for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2016 “Dating Duress: Understanding Prehistoric Climate Change at Bolsa Chica.” Presented at the
Society for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2014 “New Discoveries from an Old Collection: Comparing Recently Identified OGR Beads to Those
Previously Analyzed from the Encino Village Site.” Presented at the Society for California
Archaeology Annual Meeting, Visalia, California.
2012 Bolsa Chica Archaeology: Part Seven: Culture and Chronology. Lithic demonstration of
experimental manufacturing techniques at the April meeting of The Pacific Coast
Archaeological Society, Irvine, California.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX B
Site Forms
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX C
Archaeological Records Search Results
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)
A Cultural Resources Study for the Southridge Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX D NAHC Sacred Lands File Search Results
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)