HomeMy WebLinkAboutAppendix D - Cultural Resources AssessmentA CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDY FOR THE
14387 VALLEY BOULEVARD PROJECT
CITY OF FONTANA, SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
APN 0234-211-30
Submitted to:
City of Fontana
Community Development Department
8353 Sierra Avenue
Fontana, California 92335
Prepared for:
EPD Solutions, Inc.
2355 Main Street, Suite 100
Irvine, California 92614
Prepared by:
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
June 2, 2022
A Cultural Resources Study for the 14387 Valley Boulevard Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Archaeological Database Information
Authors: Andrew J. Garrison, M.A., RPA and Brian F. Smith, M.A.
Consulting Firm: Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 14010 Poway Road, Suite A Poway, California 92064 (858) 679-8218 Report Date: June 2, 2022
Report Title: A Cultural Resources Study for the 14387 Valley Boulevard Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County, California (APN 0234-211-30) Submitted to: City of Fontana Community Development Department 8353 Sierra Avenue Fontana, California 92335
Prepared for: EPD Solutions, Inc. 2355 Main Street, Suite 100 Irvine, California 92614 Prepared by: Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 14010 Poway Road, Suite A Poway, California 92064
USGS Quadrangle: Fontana, California (7.5 minute) Study Area: 4.7 acres Key Words: USGS Fontana Quadrangle (7.5 minute); archaeological survey; negative; monitoring not recommended.
A Cultural Resources Study for the 14387 Valley Boulevard Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents
Section Page
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1
II. SETTING ...................................................................................................................1
Natural Environment ................................................................................................1
Cultural Environment ...............................................................................................5
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................13
IV. SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................13
Research Goals .........................................................................................................14
Applicable Regulations ............................................................................................15
V. RESULTS OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................17
Background Research and Results of Records Searches .......................................17
Field Reconnaissance ..............................................................................................19
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................................................21
VII.CERTIFICATION .....................................................................................................22
VIII. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................22
Appendices
Appendix A – Resumes of Key Personnel
Appendix B – Archaeological Records Search Results*
Appendix C – NAHC Sacred Lands File Search Results*
*Deleted for public review and bound separately in the Confidential Appendix
List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1 General Location Map .................................................................................2
Figure 2 Project Location Map (USGS) .....................................................................3
Figure 3 Conceptual Site Plan ....................................................................................4
A Cultural Resources Study for the 14387 Valley Boulevard Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ List of Plates
Plate Page
Plate 1 Overview of the property entrance looking southeast from the entry
gate .............................................................................................................20
Plate 2 Overview of the property from the southwest corner looking northeast ...20
List of Tables
Table Page
Table 1 Archaeological Sites Recorded Within a One-Mile Radius of the 14387
Valley Boulevard Project ...........................................................................18
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I. INTRODUCTION
In response to a requirement by the City of Fontana, Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
(BFSA) conducted an archaeological survey of the 4.7-acre 14387 Valley Boulevard Project. This
project (Assessor’s Parcel Number [APN] 0234-211-30) is located at 14387 Valley Boulevard in
the city of Fontana, San Bernardino County, California (Figure 1). On the U.S. Geological Survey
(USGS) 7.5-minute, 1:24,000-scale Fontana, California topographic quadrangle map, the project
is situated within Section 22, Township 1 South, Range 6 West, of the San Bernardino Baseline
and Meridian (Figure 2). The project parcel is currently being used by Great Dane Trailers as a
tractor trailer truck yard. Previously, the property was utilized for agriculture during the early to
mid-twentieth century. The project applicant proposes to develop the property for industrial use
(Figure 3).
The archaeological survey, which was conducted on April 28, 2022, was completed in
order to determine if cultural resources exist within the property and if the project represents a
potential adverse impact to cultural resources. No cultural resources were identified as a result of
the current survey, and the project does not appear to be a source of impacts to any recorded
cultural resources. As part of this study, a copy of the report will be submitted to the South Central
Coastal Information Center (SCCIC) at California State University, Fullerton (CSU Fullerton).
All investigations conducted by BFSA related to this project conformed to California
Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and City of Fontana environmental guidelines.
II. SETTING
Natural Environment
The 14387 Valley Boulevard Project is generally located in southwestern San Bernardino
County within the city of Fontana. The subject property is part of the Chino Basin south of the
San Gabriel Mountains, north of the Jurupa Mountains, and west of the San Bernardino Mountains.
The San Gabriel Mountains extend from Newhall Pass in Los Angeles County to the east to the
Cajon Pass in San Bernardino County. These mountains are part of the Transverse Ranges with
peaks exceeding 9,000 feet Above Mean Sea Level (AMSL).
The project is located near the western margin and distal southern end of the broad Lytle
Creek alluvial fan that emanates from the San Gabriel Mountains approximately nine to 10 miles
to the north as a result of uplift and dissection of the eastern San Gabriel Mountains (Wirths 2021).
The main source of these sediments is from the Lytle Creek drainage, near where the northwest-
southeast-trending San Andreas fault zone cuts across and separates the San Gabriel and San
Bernardino mountain ranges (Morton and Miller 2006).
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Geomorphically, the project is relatively flat-lying, with a gentle slope to the southwest
and an average elevation of 1,030 to 1,025 feet AMSL. The project is underlain by late Holocene-
aged (approximately within the last few thousand years) young alluvial fan deposits. These
deposits are likely underlain by an older deposit of young alluvial fan sediments that are early
Holocene and late Pleistocene in age (approximately 6,000 to 120,000 years ago [Cohen and
Gibbard 2011]). Soils in and around the project are characterized as Tujunga gravelly loamy sand,
0 to 9 percent slopes and Tujunga loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes (TuB) (NRCS 2022).
During the prehistoric period, vegetation near the project provided sufficient food
resources to support prehistoric human occupants. Animals that inhabited the project during
prehistoric times included mammals such as rabbits, squirrels, gophers, mice, rats, deer, and
coyotes, in addition to a variety of reptiles and amphibians. The natural setting of the project
during the prehistoric occupation offered a rich nutritional resource base. Fresh water was likely
obtainable from the Chino Creek, Cucamonga Creek, and the Santa Ana River. Historically, the
property likely contained the same plant and animal species that are present today.
The parcel is characterized as a previously graded industrial lot. The parcel is completely
disturbed and is covered with gravel and a small concrete slab containing the modern prefabricated
office for the truck yard. No natural features often associated with prehistoric sites, such as
bedrock outcropping or natural sources of water, are located within the subject property.
Cultural Environment
Paleo Indian, Archaic Period Milling Stone Horizon, and the Late Prehistoric Shoshonean
groups are the three general cultural periods represented in San Bernardino County. The following
discussion of the cultural history of San Bernardino County references the San Dieguito Complex,
Encinitas Tradition, Milling Stone Horizon, La Jolla Complex, Pauma Complex, and San Luis Rey
Complex, since these culture sequences have been used to describe archaeological manifestations
in the region. The Late Prehistoric component in the area of San Bernardino County was
represented by the Cahuilla, Serrano, and potentially the Vanyume Indians.
Absolute chronological information, where possible, will be incorporated into this
discussion to examine the effectiveness of continuing to use these terms interchangeably.
Reference will be made to the geological framework that divides the culture chronology of the
area into four segments: late Pleistocene (20,000 to 10,000 years before the present [YBP]), early
Holocene (10,000 to 6,650 YBP), middle Holocene (6,650 to 3,350 YBP), and late Holocene
(3,350 to 200 YBP).
Paleo Indian Period (Late Pleistocene: 11,500 to circa 9,000 YBP)
The Paleo Indian Period is associated with the terminus of the late Pleistocene (12,000 to
10,000 YBP). The environment during the late Pleistocene was cool and moist, which allowed for
glaciation in the mountains and the formation of deep, pluvial lakes in the deserts and basin lands
(Moratto 1984). However, by the terminus of the late Pleistocene, the climate became warmer,
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which caused the glaciers to melt, sea levels to rise, greater coastal erosion, large lakes to recede
and evaporate, extinction of Pleistocene megafauna, and major vegetation changes (Moratto 1984;
Martin 1967, 1973; Fagan 1991). The coastal shoreline at 10,000 YBP, depending upon the
particular area of the coast, was near the 30-meter isobath, or two to six kilometers further west
than its present location (Masters 1983).
Paleo Indians were likely attracted to multiple habitat types, including mountains,
marshlands, estuaries, and lakeshores. These people likely subsisted using a more generalized
hunting, gathering, and collecting adaptation while utilizing a variety of resources including birds,
mollusks, and both large and small mammals (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Moratto 1984; Moss
and Erlandson 1995).
Archaic Period (Early and Middle Holocene: circa 9000 to 1300 YBP)
The Archaic Period of prehistory begins with the onset of the Holocene around 9,000 YBP.
The transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene was a period of major environmental change
throughout North America (Antevs 1953; Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). The general
warming trend caused sea levels to rise, lakes to evaporate, and drainage patterns to change. In
southern California, the general climate at the beginning of the early Holocene was marked by
cool/moist periods and an increase in warm/dry periods and sea levels. The coastal shoreline at
8,000 YBP, depending upon the particular area of the coast, was near the 20-meter isobath, or one
to four kilometers further west than its present location (Masters 1983).
The rising sea level during the early Holocene created rocky shorelines and bays along the
coast by flooding valley floors and eroding the coastline (Curray 1965; Inman 1983). Shorelines
were primarily rocky with small littoral cells, as sediments were deposited at bay edges but rarely
discharged into the ocean (Reddy 2000). These bays eventually evolved into lagoons and
estuaries, which provided a rich habitat for mollusks and fish. The warming trend and rising sea
levels generally continued until the late Holocene (4,000 to 3,500 YBP).
At the beginning of the late Holocene, sea levels stabilized, rocky shores declined, lagoons
filled with sediment, and sandy beaches became established (Gallegos 1985; Inman 1983; Masters
1994; Miller 1966; Warren and Pavesic 1963). Many former lagoons became saltwater marshes
surrounded by coastal sage scrub by the late Holocene (Gallegos 2002). The sedimentation of the
lagoons was significant in that it had profound effects on the types of resources available to
prehistoric peoples. Habitat was lost for certain large mollusks, namely Chione and Argopecten,
but habitat was gained for other small mollusks, particularly Donax (Gallegos 1985; Reddy 2000).
The changing lagoon habitats resulted in the decline of larger shellfish, loss of drinking water, and
loss of Torrey Pine nuts, causing a major depopulation of the coast as people shifted inland to
reliable freshwater sources and intensified their exploitation of terrestrial small game and plants,
including acorns (originally proposed by Rogers 1929; Gallegos 2002).
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The Archaic Period in southern California is associated with a number of different cultures,
complexes, traditions, periods, and horizons, including San Dieguito, La Jolla, Encinitas, Milling
Stone, Pauma, and Intermediate.
Late Prehistoric Period (Late Holocene: 1,300 YBP to 1790)
Approximately 1,350 YBP, a Shoshonean-speaking group from the Great Basin region
moved into San Bernardino County, marking the transition to the Late Prehistoric Period. This
period has been characterized by higher population densities and elaborations in social, political,
and technological systems. Economic systems diversified and intensified during this period, with
the continued elaboration of trade networks, the use of shell-bead currency, and the appearance of
more labor-intensive, yet effective, technological innovations. Technological developments
during this period included the introduction of the bow and arrow between A.D. 400 and 600 and
the introduction of ceramics. Atlatl darts were replaced by smaller arrow darts, including the
Cottonwood series points. Other hallmarks of the Late Prehistoric Period include extensive trade
networks as far reaching as the Colorado River Basin and cremation of the dead.
Protohistoric Period (Late Holocene: 1790 to Present)
Prior to the arrival of the Spanish missionaries to the San Bernardino area, Redlands was
inhabited by the Cahuilla, Serrano, and potentially the Vanyume Indians. The territory of the
Vanyume was covered by small and relatively sparse populations focused primarily along the
Mojave River, north of the Serrano and southeast of the Kawaiisu. It is believed that the
southwestern extent of their territory went as far as Cajon Pass and portions of Hesperia. Bean
and Smith (1978) noted that it was uncertain if the Vanyume spoke a dialect of Serrano or a
separate Takic-based language. However, King and Blackburn (1978) suggest that the Vanyume
and other Kitanemuk speakers once occupied most of Antelope Valley. In contrast to the Serrano,
the Vanyume maintained friendly social relations with the Mohave and Chemehuevi to the east
and northeast (Kroeber 1976). As with the majority of California native populations, Vanyume
populations were decimated around the 1820s by placement in Spanish missions and asistencias.
It is believed that by 1900, the Vanyume had become extinct (Bean and Smith 1978). However,
given the settlement patterns reported for the Vanyume, it is more probable that the population
was dispersed rather than completely wiped out.
At the time of Spanish contact in the sixteenth century, the Cahuilla occupied territory that
included the San Bernardino Mountains, Orocopia Mountain, and the Chocolate Mountains to the
west, Salton Sea and Borrego Springs to the south, Palomar Mountain and Lake Mathews to the
west, and the Santa Ana River to the north. The Cahuilla are a Takic-speaking people closely
related to their Gabrielino and Luiseño neighbors, although relations with the Gabrielino were
more intense than with the Luiseño. They differ from the Luiseño and Gabrielino in that their
religion is more similar to the Mohave tribes of the eastern deserts than the Chingichngish cult of
the Luiseño and Gabrielino. The following is a summary of ethnographic data regarding this group
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(Bean 1978; Kroeber 1976).
Cahuilla villages were typically permanent and located on low terraces within canyons in
proximity to water sources. These locations proved to be rich in food resources and also afforded
protection from prevailing winds. Villages had areas that were publicly owned as well as areas
that were privately owned by clans, families, or individuals. Each village was associated with a
particular lineage and series of sacred sites that included unique petroglyphs and pictographs.
Villages were occupied throughout the year; however, during a several-week period in the fall,
most of the village members relocated to mountain oak groves to take part in acorn harvesting
(Bean 1978; Kroeber 1976).
The Serrano and Vanyume, however, were primarily hunters and gatherers. Individual
family dwellings were likely circular, domed structures. Vegetal staples varied with locality;
acorns and piñon nuts were found in the foothills, and mesquite, yucca roots, cacti fruits, and piñon
nuts were found in or near the desert regions. Diets were supplemented with other roots, bulbs,
shoots, and seeds (Heizer 1978). Deer, mountain sheep, antelopes, rabbits, and other small rodents
were among the principal food packages. Various game birds, especially quail, were also hunted.
The bow and arrow was used for large game, while smaller game and birds were killed with curved
throwing sticks, traps, and snares. Occasionally, game was hunted communally, often during
mourning ceremonies (Benedict 1924; Drucker 1937; Heizer 1978). In general, manufactured
goods included baskets, some pottery, rabbit-skin blankets, awls, arrow straighteners, sinew-
backed bows, arrows, fire drills, stone pipes, musical instruments (rattles, rasps, whistles, bull-
roarers, and flutes), feathered costumes, mats, bags, storage pouches, and nets (Heizer 1978). Food
acquisition and processing required the manufacture of additional items such as knives, stone or
bone scrapers, pottery trays and bowls, bone or horn spoons, and stirrers. Mortars, made of either
stone or wood, and metates were also manufactured (Strong 1971; Drucker 1937; Benedict 1924).
Much like the Vanyume, the Serrano suffered large population decreases during the early
1800s. While the missionaries are credited with developing the first stable water supply in the
area by diverting water from Mill Creek into a zanja that terminated at the Asistencia de Mission
San Gabriel on Barton Road in Redlands, the task was completed through labor provided by the
Serrano. The zanja, known as the Mill Creek Zanja, is located along the southern boundary of the
current project area. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) since
1976.
Historic Period
The historic background of the project began with the Spanish colonization of Alta
California. The first Spanish colonizing expedition reached southern California in 1769 with the
intention of converting and civilizing the indigenous populations, as well as expanding the
knowledge of and access to new resources in the region (Brigandi 1998). In the late eighteenth
century, the San Gabriel (Los Angeles County), San Juan Capistrano (Orange County), and San
Luis Rey (San Diego County) missions began colonizing southern California, and gradually
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expanded their use of the interior valley (presently western Riverside County) for raising grain and
cattle to support the missions. The San Gabriel Mission claimed lands in what is presently Jurupa,
Riverside, San Jacinto, and the San Gorgonio Pass, while the San Luis Rey Mission claimed land
in what is presently Lake Elsinore, Temecula, and Murrieta (American Local History Network:
Riverside County, California 1998). The indigenous groups who occupied these lands were
recruited by missionaries, converted, and put to work in the missions (Pourade 1964). Throughout
this period, the Native American populations were decimated by introduced diseases, a drastic
shift in diet resulting in poor nutrition, and social conflicts due to the introduction of an entirely
new social order (Cook 1976).
In the mid- to late 1770s, Juan Bautista de Anza passed through much of what is now
Riverside County while searching for an overland route from Sonora, Mexico to San Gabriel and
Los Angeles, describing fertile valleys, lakes, and sub-desert areas (American Local History
Network: Riverside County, California 1998; Riverside County n.d.). Spanish missionaries
formed Mission San Gabriel in the San Bernardino Valley in the early nineteenth century. The
mission established Rancho San Bernardino in 1819, which included the present-day areas of San
Bernardino, Fontana, Rialto, Redlands, and Colton (City of San Bernardino 2015). Since there
was no reliable water source in the area, from 1819 to 1820, the missionaries developed a zanja
through the use of Native American labor from the Guachama Rancheria (Smallwood 2006). The
creation of the zanja was implemented to divert waters from Mill Creek all the way through the
city of Redlands, ending near the mission to assist with agricultural enterprises. The new water
source allowed nearby ranching districts to develop during the nineteenth century (City of
Redlands 2010; Smallwood 2006).
Mexico gained independence in 1822 and desecularized the missions in 1832, signifying
the end of the Mission Period (Brigandi 1998; Riverside County n.d.). By this time, the missions
owned some of the best and most fertile land in southern California. In order for California to
develop, the land would have to be made productive enough to turn a profit (Brigandi 1998). The
new government began distributing the vast mission holdings to wealthy and politically connected
Mexican citizens. The “grants” were called “ranchos,” and many of these ranchos have lent their
names to modern-day locales (American Local History Network: Riverside County, California
1998).
The treatment of Native Americans grew worse during the Rancho Period. Most of the
Native Americans were forced off of their land or put to work on the now privately-owned ranchos,
most often as slave labor. In light of the brutal ranchos, the degree to which Native Americans
had become dependent upon the mission system is evident when, in 1838, a group of Native
Americans from the San Luis Rey Mission petitioned government officials in San Diego to relieve
suffering at the hands of the rancheros:
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We have suffered incalculable losses, for some of which we are in part to be blamed
for because many of us have abandoned the Mission … We plead and beseech you
… to grant us a Rev. Father for this place. We have been accustomed to the Rev.
Fathers and to their manner of managing the duties. We labored under their
intelligent directions, and we were obedient to the Fathers according to the
regulations, because we considered it as good for us. (Brigandi 1998:21)
Native American culture had been disrupted to the point where they could no longer rely
upon prehistoric subsistence and social patterns. Not only does this illustrate how dependent the
Native Americans had become upon the missionaries, but it also indicates a marked contrast in the
way the Spanish treated the Native Americans compared to the Mexican and United States
ranchers. Spanish colonialism (missions) is based upon utilizing human resources while
integrating them into their society. The Mexican and American ranchers did not accept Native
Americans into their social order and used them specifically for the extraction of labor, resources,
and profit. Rather than being incorporated, they were either subjugated or exterminated (Cook
1976).
In 1846, war erupted between Mexico and the United States. In 1848, with the signing of
the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the region was annexed as a territory of the United States,
leading to California became a state in 1850. These events generated a steady flow of settlers into
the area, including gold miners, entrepreneurs, health-seekers, speculators, politicians,
adventurers, seekers of religious freedom, and individuals desiring to create utopian colonies.
In 1851, 500 Mormons moved to the Redlands/San Bernardino area and purchased Rancho
San Bernardino from the Lugo family (City of Redlands 2010). The settlement that the Mormons
created within the rancho was short-lived, however, as in 1857, Brigham Young recalled all
Mormons in San Bernardino back to Utah. Approximately 1,400 Mormons returned to Utah, while
the remaining 45 percent stayed in San Bernardino, choosing “to forsake the church rather than
leave their homes” (Lyman 1989).
By the late 1880s and early 1890s, there was growing discontent between San Bernardino
and Riverside, its neighbor 10 miles to the south, due to differences in opinion concerning religion,
morality, the Civil War, politics, and fierce competition to attract settlers. After a series of
instances in which charges were claimed about unfair use of tax monies to the benefit of only San
Bernardino, several people from Riverside decided to investigate the possibility of a new county.
In May 1893, voters living within portions of San Bernardino County (to the north) and San Diego
County (to the south) approved the formation of Riverside County. Early business opportunities
were linked to the agriculture industry but commerce, construction, manufacturing, transportation,
and tourism also provided a healthy local economy (American Local History Network: Riverside
County, California 1998; Riverside County n.d.).
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General History of the City of Fontana
According to the City of Fontana General Plan Update 2015–2035 (City of Fontana 2018a),
the history of the city is primarily broken up into four periods, or “contexts,” identified as “The
Four Fontanas.” The four periods are “Rural Pioneer Community: 1850 to 1906; Fontana Farms:
1906 to 1942; Steeltown: 1942 to 1983; and Suburban Bedroom Community: 1983 to 2006 (City
of Fontana 2018a).
Rural Pioneer Community: 1850 to 1906
In 1869, Andrew Jackson Pope, co-founder of the Pope & Talbot Company, a lumber
dealer based out of San Francisco (1860 Federal Census; 1870 Federal Census; University of
Washington Libraries, Special Collections 2018), purchased 3,840 acres of land in San Bernardino
County as part of the Land Act of 1820. “During the ensuing years, Andrew Pope and W.C. Talbot
acquired other properties in the West, chiefly in California. By 1874, they owned a real estate
empire, including almost 80,000 acres of ranch lands” (World Forestry Center 2017).
Pope passed away in 1878, amid water rights conflicts between grant owners (himself) and
settlers of the lands surrounding his Fontana-area lands. As a result of the water rights conflict in
which the United States Supreme Court sided with the grant owners, the Lytle Creek Water
Company was formed in 1881. The purpose of the Lytle Creek Water Company was to:
[U]nify the interests of appropriators to the stream, to fight the grant owners. These
latter had the law on their side, but the settlers had the water, and were holding and
using it. An injunction was issued in favor of the grant owners, restraining the
settlers from using the water, but it was never enforced. The conflict was a long
and bitter one. In the meantime, the grant owners, and others operating with them,
quietly bought up the stock of the Lytle Creek Water Company, until enough to
control it was secured, and sold out these rights to the projectors of the Semi-tropic
Land and Water Company, with the riparian lands, which movement seems to have
quieted the conflict. (Hall 1888)
The Semi-Tropic Land and Water Company was incorporated in 1887. That year, the company
platted the settlement of Rosena, but no structures were erected. By 1888, the company had
acquired “something more than twenty-eight thousand five hundred acres of land, embracing the
channel of Lytle creek for ten miles” (Hall 1888).
In 1903, San Bernardino contractor and agriculturist A.B. Miller and “his pioneer Fontana
Development Company purchased Rosena, and by 1905 had begun the building of a farming
complex that included an assortment of barns, dining rooms, a 200-man bunk house, a kitchen, a
company store, as well as the ranch house used by the foreman” (Anicic 1982).
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Fontana Farms: 1906 to 1942
By 1906, Miller had also taken over the remainder of the Semi-Tropic Land and Water
Company assets and created the Fontana Farms Company and the Fontana Land Company.
Afterward, Miller oversaw the construction of an irrigation system that utilized the water from
Lytle Creek, as well as the planting of “half a million eucalyptus saplings as windbreaks” (Conford
1995).
In 1913, the town of Fontana was platted between Foothill Boulevard and the Santa Fe
railroad tracks. Much of the land to the south of the townsite was utilized as a hog farm, while the
remainder of the Fontana Farms Company land was subdivided into small farms. The smaller
“starter farms” were approximately 2.5 acres and the new owner was able to choose between
grapevines or walnut trees, all supplied by the Fontana Farms nursery. “By 1930 the Fontana
Company had subdivided more than three thousand homesteads, half occupied by full-time
settlers, some of them immigrants from Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Italy” (Conford 1995).
Steeltown: 1942 to 1983
Kaiser Steel was founded in Fontana in the 1940s and became one of the main producers
of steel west of the Mississippi River. The Kaiser Steel Mill was built in response to the United
States government’s need for a steel mill and factory on the west coast to construct ships and
airplanes following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941 (Sturm et al. 1995). Following World
War II, the mill shifted production to can manufacturing, tin plating, and pipe milling (Sturm et al.
1995). To provide for his workers’ health needs, Henry J. Kaiser constructed the Fontana Kaiser
Permanente medical facility, which is now the largest managed care organization in the United
States.
The city of Fontana was incorporated on June 25, 1952 and the Kaiser Steel Mill continued
to expand through the 1950s and 1960s. In addition to health care, Kaiser created the Kaiser
Community Homes to address the burgeoning housing needs of post-war America. Within
Fontana and neighboring Ontario, Kaiser Community Homes provided affordable residential
neighborhoods and housing subdivisions to meet the steel mill workers’ housing needs (City of
Fontana 2018a). “Kaiser Steel also worked with the United Steelworkers of America to develop
an innovative profit-sharing plan in which labor shared in cost savings resulting from technology
and labor productivity improvements” (City of Fontana 2018a). By the late 1970s, the Kaiser Steel
Mill had begun to experience a massive downturn in production, which resulted in a 3,000-person
layoff (Sturm et al. 1995).
Kaiser and their contributions to Fontana and the nation during the mid-twentieth century
can be viewed in the context of the “Post-War Building Boom of 1945–1970 (National Academies
of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012).” The Kaiser Steel Corp. was important to the in
the expansion of development during the period supplying steel for the construction of buildings
throughout the region and nation. However, the mill ultimately closed its doors and ceased
production in 1983. In 1984, California Steel Industries (CSI) purchased the southern 380 acres
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of the 480-acre property and portions of the factory were reopened. A 1995 archaeological survey
by LSA Associates, Inc. (LSA) indicates that the property to the north that was not purchased by
CSI had been demolished by Hollywood movie explosions throughout the 1980s (Sturm et al.
1995). In the late 1990s, construction of the California Speedway resulted in further damage to
original steel mill property (McLean and Monk 1997).
Suburban Bedroom Community: 1983 to 2006
With the closing of the steel mill in 1983, residential development became the primary
driving factor for economic growth in the Fontana (City of Fontana 2018b). Between 1980 and
1987, Fontana’s population doubled from 35,000 to 70,000, assisted by the Fontana
Redevelopment Agency, who provided incentives for housing developers to build within the city
(City of Fontana 2018b; Conford 1995). This process led to the first specific plan and development
agreement for the SouthRidge residential area. Residential development continued to grow
through the 1990s; however, commercial activities in the downtown area declined as new
commercial developments near freeways and the new residential areas pulled shopping away from
the historic downtown core (City of Fontana 2018b). More recently, the city has since become a
transportation hub for trucking due to the number of highways that intersect in the area (Anicic
2005; City of Fontana 2018a).
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project consists of 4.7 acres located at 14387 Valley Boulevard in the city of Fontana,
San Bernardino County, California (APN 0234-211-30). The parcel is characterized as a
previously disturbed and graded lot. The project parcel is covered with gravel and some minimal
paving. The project parcel is currently being used by Great Dane Trailers for the parking and
storage of tractor trailers and other vehicles. The project applicant proposes to develop the
property for industrial purposes (see Figure 3).
IV. SCOPE OF WORK
In order to determine the presence of cultural resources within the proposed project, the
archaeological investigation consisted of the following tasks:
1) An archaeological records search was conducted by BFSA at the SCCIC at CSU
Fullerton to gather any information regarding recorded cultural resources within or
adjacent to the project.
2) The initial archaeological survey of the property was accomplished by conducting a
structured intensive reconnaissance that followed survey transects, which were parallel
to the existing street directions. All areas of disturbed ground and any rodent burrows
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were analyzed for evidence of buried archaeological deposits.
3) This archaeological technical report was prepared to present the results of the field
survey, impact analysis, and presentation of any mitigation measures required for
project approval.
Research Goals
The primary goal of the research design is to attempt to understand the way in which
humans have used the land and resources within the project area over time, as well as to aid in the
determination of resource significance. For the current project, the area under investigation is the
southwestern portion of San Bernardino County. The scope of work for the archaeological
program included a survey of the 4.7-acre property. Given the area involved and the narrow focus
of the cultural resources study, the research design for this project was necessarily limited and
general in nature. Since the main objective of the investigation was to identify the presence of and
potential impacts to cultural resources, the goal is not necessarily to answer wide-reaching theories
regarding the development of early southern California, but to investigate the role and importance
of the identified resources. Although survey-level investigations are limited in terms of the amount
of information available, several specific research questions were developed that could be used to
guide the initial investigations of any observed cultural resources. The following research
questions take into account the size and location of the project.
Research Questions:
• Can located cultural resources be situated with a specific time period,
population, or individual?
• Do the types of located cultural resources allow a site activity/function to be
determined from a preliminary investigation? What are the site activities?
What is the site function? What resources were exploited?
• How do the located sites compare to others reported from different surveys
conducted in the area?
• How do the located sites fit existing models of settlement and subsistence for
valley environments of the region?
Data Needs
At the survey level, the principal research objective is a generalized investigation of
changing settlement patterns in both the prehistoric and historic periods within the study area. The
overall goal is to understand settlement and resource procurement patterns of the project area
occupants. Therefore, adequate information on site function, context, and chronology from an
archaeological perspective is essential for the investigation. The fieldwork and archival research
were undertaken with these primary research goals in mind:
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1) To identify cultural resources occurring within the project;
2) To determine, if possible, site type and function, context of the deposit, and
chronological placement of each cultural resource identified;
3) To place each cultural resource identified within a regional perspective; and
4) To provide recommendations for the treatment of each of the cultural resources
identified.
Applicable Regulations
Resource importance is assigned to districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that
possess exceptional value or quality illustrating or interpreting the heritage of San Bernardino
County in history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture. A number of criteria are
used in demonstrating resource importance. Specifically, criteria outlined in CEQA provide the
guidance for making such a determination. The following sections detail the CEQA criteria that a
resource must meet in order to be determined important.
California Environmental Quality Act
According to CEQA (§15064.5a), the term “historical resource” includes the following:
1) A resource listed in or determined to be eligible by the State Historical Resources
Commission for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR)
(Public Resources Code [PRC] SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR. Section 4850 et seq.).
2) A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in Section
5020.1(k) of the PRC or identified as significant in a historical resource survey meeting
the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the PRC, shall be presumed to be historically
or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant
unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or
culturally significant.
3) Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript, which a lead
agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural,
engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military,
or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided
the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the
whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be
“historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR (PRC
SS5024.1, Title 14, Section 4852) including the following:
a) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad
patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage;
b) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
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c) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of
construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or
possesses high artistic values; or
d) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or
history.
4) The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined eligible for listing in, the CRHR,
not included in a local register of historical resources (pursuant to Section 5020.1[k] of
the PRC), or identified in a historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in Section
5024.1[g] of the PRC) does not preclude a lead agency from determining that the
resource may be a historical resource as defined in PRC Section 5020.1(j) or 5024.1.
According to CEQA (§15064.5b), a project with an effect that may cause a substantial
adverse change in the significance of a historical resource is a project that may have a significant
effect upon the environment. CEQA defines a substantial adverse change as:
1) Substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource means physical
demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate
surroundings such that the significance of an historical resource would be materially
impaired.
2) The significance of a historical resource is materially impaired when a project:
a) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and
that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for, inclusion in the CRHR; or
b) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics that account for its inclusion in a local register of historical
resources pursuant to Section 5020.1(k) of the PRC or its identification in a
historical resources survey meeting the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of
the PRC, unless the public agency reviewing the effects of the project
establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the resource is not historically
or culturally significant; or,
c) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and
that justify its eligibility for inclusion in the CRHR as determined by a lead
agency for purposes of CEQA.
Section 15064.5(c) of CEQA applies to effects upon archaeological sites and contains the
following additional provisions regarding archaeological sites:
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1) When a project will impact an archaeological site, a lead agency shall first determine
whether the site is a historical resource, as defined in subsection (a).
2) If a lead agency determines that the archaeological site is a historical resource, it shall
refer to the provisions of Section 21084.1 of the PRC, Section 15126.4 of the
guidelines, and the limits contained in Section 21083.2 of the PRC do not apply.
3) If an archaeological site does not meet the criteria defined in subsection (a), but does
meet the definition of a unique archaeological resource in Section 21083.2 of the PRC,
the site shall be treated in accordance with the provisions of Section 21083.2. The time
and cost limitations described in PRC Section 21083.2(c-f) do not apply to surveys and
site evaluation activities intended to determine whether the project location contains
unique archaeological resources.
4) If an archaeological resource is neither a unique archaeological nor historical resource,
the effects of the project on those resources shall not be considered a significant effect
on the environment. It shall be sufficient that both the resource and the effect upon it
are noted in the Initial Study or Environmental Impact Report, if one is prepared to
address impacts upon other resources, but they need not be considered further in the
CEQA process.
Section 15064.5(d) and Section 15064.5 (e) contain additional provisions regarding human
remains. Regarding Native American human remains, paragraph (d) provides:
(d) When an Initial Study identifies the existence of, or the probable likelihood, of Native
American human remains within the project, a lead agency shall work with the
appropriate Native Americans as identified by the Native American Heritage
Commission (NAHC) as provided in PRC SS5097.98. The applicant may develop an
agreement for treating or disposing of, with appropriate dignity, the human remains
and any items associated with Native American burials with the appropriate Native
Americans as identified by the NAHC. Action implementing such an agreement is
exempt from:
1) The general prohibition on disinterring, disturbing, or removing human remains
from any location other than a dedicated cemetery (Health and Safety Code
Section 7050.5).
2) The requirement of CEQA and the Coastal Act.
V. RESULTS OF STUDY
Background Research and Results of Records Searches
The records search compiled from SCCIC data indicates that 33 resources, all associated
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with the historic built environment, have been recorded within one mile of the project. One of the
resources, the boundaries of the historic Kaiser Steel complex, is mapped as overlapping the
project. However, it appears this boundary was loosely drawn and although in proximity of the
original location of the Kaiser Steel Mill, the project does not appear to have ever contained any
elements of the resource. The remaining 32 resources consist of two rail lines, a stucco ranch
house, a gasoline filling station, and 28 single-family residences (Table 1).
Table 1
Archaeological Sites Recorded Within a
One-Mile Radius of the 14387 Valley Boulevard Project
Site(s) Description
P-36-004131 Historic Kaiser Steel
P-36-007426 Historic Declezville Branch Line
P-36-007795 Historic Stucco Ranch House
P-36-009862 Historic Gasoline Filling Station
P-36-010330 Historic Union Pacific Railroad
P-36-012227; P-36-020009; P-36-020010;
P-36-020011; P-36-020012; P-36-020013;
P-36-020014; P-36-020015; P-36-020016;
P-36-020017; P-36-020018; P-36-020019;
P-36-020020; P-36-020021; P-36-020022;
P-36-020023; P-36-020024; P-36-020025;
P-36-020026; P-36-020027; P-36-020028;
P-36-020029; P-36-020030; P-36-020031;
P-36-033027; P-36-033107; P-36-033111;
and P-36-029643
Historic single-family residence
The results of the records search data also indicate that 21 cultural resource studies have
been conducted within a one-mile radius of the subject property, none of which include any
portions of the project. The full records search results are provided in Appendix B.
The following historic sources were also reviewed:
• The NRHP Index
• The Office of Historic Preservation (OHP), Archaeological Determinations of
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Eligibility
• The OHP, Built Environment Resources Directory
• Bureau of Land Management (BLM) General Land Office (GLO) records
• Historic aerial photographs dating between 1938 and 2019
The BLM GLO records confirm Pope’s initial ownership of the Fontana region in the mid-
to late nineteenth century; however, no other individuals who may have had direct involvement
with the subject property are listed. The 1938 aerial photograph shows the project parcel as an
agricultural property containing a grove of small trees. By 1948, the property had been cleared of
the grove, and although structures are visible on adjacent parcels, none are visible within the
subject property. Little change is visible on the aerial photographs through 1967. By 1985 (the
next available photograph), the project and much of the surrounding parcels appear cleared,
graded, and used for the storage of tractor trailers. Subsequent photographs show that use of the
property as a truck yard has continued to the present. The aerial photographs confirm that despite
being located within the recorded boundaries of P-36-004131, the property was not directly
associated with the Kaiser Steel Mill operations.
BFSA also requested, at its own discretion, a Sacred Lands File (SLF) search from the
NAHC to determine if any recorded Native American sacred sites or locations of religious or
ceremonial importance are present within the project. The NAHC SLF results were negative for
the presence of Native American sacred sites or locations of religious or ceremonial importance
within the project. All correspondence is provided in Appendix C.
The records search and literature review suggest that there is a low potential for prehistoric
sites to be contained within the boundaries of the property due to the extensive nature of past
ground disturbances and the lack of natural resources often associated with prehistoric sites. No
prehistoric sites have been recorded within one mile of the project, and these resources tend to be
situated farther south, closer to the bedrock-laden Jurupa Mountains. Due to the parcel being
completely disturbed and covered with gravel and some minimal paving, it is also unlikely for
historic resources to be contained within the boundaries of the property.
Field Reconnaissance
BFSA Senior Field Archaeologist Clarence Hoff conducted the pedestrian survey of the
project on April 28, 2022. The archaeological survey was completed by walking parallel transects
at 10-meter intervals across the parcel. The parcel is characterized as a previously graded industrial
lot (Plates 1 and 2). The project is completely disturbed and is covered with gravel and some
minimal paving where a modern prefabricated steel building is located in the northern portion of
the parcel. The parcel appears to be ready to be developed. During the survey, no evidence of
any cultural resources was observed.
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Plate 1: Overview of the property entrance looking southeast from the entry gate.
Plate 2: Overview of the property from the southwest corner looking northeast.
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VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
The cultural resources study for the 14387 Valley Boulevard Project was completed in
accordance with City of Fontana environmental policies and CEQA significance evaluation
criteria. The records search identified 33 previously recorded resources within one mile of the
project, none of which are within the project boundaries. The records search results indicate that
the most common resources within one mile are associated with the historic built environment,
and focused research has shown that the project has never contained structures. Further, the subject
property has been impacted through clearing, grading, and development as a tractor trailer truck
yard. This characterization of the property as disturbed is relevant to the consideration of cultural
resources being present within the project.
The parcel is completely disturbed and appears to be ready for development. No evidence
of any cultural resources was observed during the survey. As such, archeological monitoring of
grading is not recommended or warranted based upon the findings of this cultural resources
assessment. However, in accordance with the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting Program in
the Final Envrionmental Impact Report of the Fontana General Plan Update 2015-2035 (City of
Fontana 2018a), the following mitigation measures are recommended for the project:
MM-CUL-2: If any prehistoric archaeological resources are encountered before or
during grading, the developer shall retain a qualified archaeologist to monitor
construction activities and to take appropriate measures to protect or preserve them
for study. With the assistance of the archaeologist, the City of Fontana shall:
• Enact interim measures to protect undesignated sites from demolition or
significant modification without an opportunity for the City to establish its
archaeological value.
• Consider establishing provisions to require incorporation of archaeological
sites within new developments, using their special qualities as a theme or
focal point.
• Pursue educating the public about the area’s archaeological heritage.
• Propose mitigation measures and recommend conditions of approval (if a
local government action) to eliminate adverse project effects on significant,
important, and unique prehistoric resources, following appropriate CEQA
guidelines.
• Prepare a technical resources management report, documenting the
inventory, evaluation, and proposed mitigation of resources within the
project area. Submit one copy of the completed report, with original
illustrations, to the San Bernardino County Archaeological Information
Center for permanent archiving.
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MM-CUL-3: Where consistent with applicable local, State, and federal law and
deemed appropriate by the City, future site-specific development projects shall
consider the following requests by the Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians and
Morongo Band of Mission Indians:
• In the event Native American cultural resources are discovered during
construction for future development, all work in the immediate vicinity of
the find shall cease and a qualified archaeologist meeting Secretary of
Interior standards shall be hired to assess the find. Work on the overall
project may continue during this period;
• Initiate consultation between the appropriate Native American tribal entity
(as determined by a qualified archaeologist meeting Secretary of Interior
standards) and the City/project applicant;
• Transfer cultural resources investigations to the appropriate Native
American entity (as determined by a qualified archaeologist meeting
Secretary of Interior standards) as soon as possible;
• Utilize a Native American monitor from the appropriate Native American
entity (as determined by a qualified archaeologist meeting Secretary of
Interior standards) where deemed appropriate or required by the City,
during initial ground-disturbing activities, cultural resource surveys, and/or
cultural resource excavations.
VII. CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that the statements furnished above and in the attached exhibits present the
data and information required for this archaeological report, and that the facts, statements, and
information presented are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and have been
compiled in accordance with CEQA criteria as defined in Section 15064.5.
June 2, 2022
Brian F. Smith Date
Principal Investigator VIII. REFERENCES American Local History Network: Riverside County, California 1998 American Local History Network’s Page for Riverside County, California. Electronic document, http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ca/county/riverside/, accessed March 28, 2006.
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Ancestry.com 2009a 1860 United States Federal Census (database online). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. 2009b 1870 United States Federal Census (database online). Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Anicic, John Charles, Jr. 1982 National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form, Fontana Farms Company Ranch House, Camp #1 (Pepper Street House). Fontana Historical Society. Form on file at the United States Department of the Interior Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. 2005 Images of America: Fontana. Arcadia Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina; Chicago, Illinois; Portsmouth, New Hampshire; and San Francisco, California. Antevs, Ernst 1953 The Postpluvial or the Neothermal. University of California Archaeological Survey
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American Indians, Vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.
Bean, Lowell John and Charles R. Smith
1978 Serrano. In California, edited by R.F. Heizer. Handbook of North American Indians,
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Benedict, Ruth Fulton
1924 A Brief Sketch of Serrano Culture. American Anthropologist 26(3).
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1998 Temecula: At the Crossroads of History. Heritage Media Corporation, Encinitas,
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2018a Fontana Forward General Plan Update 2015–2035. Approved and Adopted by City
Council November 13, 2018. Electronic document, https://www.fontana.org/
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Documents-11-13-2018, accessed June 29, 2021.
2018b Fontana Forward General Plan Update 2015–2035 Draft Environmental Impact Report
(State Clearinghouse #2016021099). Electronic document, https://www.fontana.org/
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DocumentCenter/View/29524/Draft-Environmental-Impact-Report-for-the-General-Plan-Update, accessed June 29, 2021. City of Redlands 2010 City of Redlands General Plan. City of San Bernardino 2015 History of San Bernardino. Electronic document, https://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/about/history/history_of_san_bernardino_(short_version).asp, accessed November 10, 2015. Cohen, K.M., and P.L. Gibbard 2011 Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy), Cambridge, England. http://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/POSTERstratchart-v2011.jpg.pdf. Conford, Danial (editor) 1995 Working People of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford, California. Cook, Sherburne F. 1976 The Conflict Between the California Indian and White Civilization. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California. Curray, Joseph R. 1965 Late Quaternary History: Continental Shelves of the United States. In Quaternary of
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Gallegos, Dennis 1985 A Review and Synthesis of Environmental and Cultural Material for the Batiquitos Lagoon Region. In San Diego State University Cultural Resource Management Casual
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Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties: The Second Part of the Report of the State
Engineer of California on Irrigation and the Irrigation Question. State Office, J.D. Young, Supt. State Printing, Sacramento. Heizer, Robert F. (editor) 1978 Trade and Trails. In California, pp. 690-693. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8. William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Inman, Douglas L. 1983 Application of Coastal Dynamics to the Reconstruction of Paleocoastlines in the Vicinity of La Jolla, California. In Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology, edited by Patricia M. Masters and N.C. Flemming. Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Florida. Kroeber, A.L. 1976 Handbook of the Indians of California. Reprinted. Dover Editions, Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Originally published 1925, Bulletin No. 78, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Lyman, Edward Leo 1989 The Rise and Decline of Mormon San Bernardino. Brigham Young University Studies 29(4):43-63. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Martin, P.S. 1967 Prehistoric Overkill. In Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, edited by P. Martin and H.E. Wright. Yale University Press: New Haven. 1973 The Discovery of America. Science 179(4077): 969-974. Masters, Patricia M. 1983 Detection and Assessment of Prehistoric Artifact Sites off the Coast of Southern California. In Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology: Towards the
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Prehistory of Land Bridges and Continental Shelves, edited by P.M. Masters and N.C. Flemming, pp. 189-213. Academic Press, London. 1994 Archaeological Investigations at Five Sites on the Lower San Luis Rey River, San Diego County, California, edited by Michael Moratto, pp. A1-A19. Infotec Research, Fresno, California and Gallegos and Associates, Pacific Palisades California. McLean, Deborah and Jani Monk 1997 Cultural Resource Assessment of the Kaiser West End Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County, CA. 12+PP. LSA. Unpublished report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton. Miller, J. 1966 The Present and Past Molluscan Faunas and Environments of Four Southern
California Coastal Lagoons. Master’s thesis on file at the University of California at San Diego, San Diego, California. Moratto, Michael J. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. Morton, D.M. and F.K. Miller 2006 Geologic map of the San Bernardino and Santa Ana 30' x 60' quadrangles, California: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 06-1217, scale 1:100,000. Moss, M.L. and J. Erlandson 1995 Reflections on North American Coast Prehistory. Journal of World Prehistory 9(1):1-46. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2012 A Model for Identifying and Evaluating the Historic Significance of Post-World War II
Housing. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) 2022 Web Soil Survey. Electronic document, https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.gov/ App/WebSoilSurvey.aspx, accessed March 22, 2021. Pourade, Richard F. 1964 The Glory Years. Union-Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego. Reddy, Seetha 2000 Settling the Highlands: Late Holocene Highland Adaptations on Camp Pendleton, San Diego County California. Prepared for the Army Corps of Engineers by ASM Affiliates. Unpublished report on file at South Coastal Information Center at San Diego State University, San Diego, California.
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Riverside County N.d. Welcome to Riverside County, California: Riverside County History. Electronic document, http://www.co.riverside.ca.us/county_info/history.asp, accessed March 28, 2006. Rogers, Malcolm J. 1929 Field Notes, 1929 San Diego-Smithsonian Expedition. Manuscript on file at San Diego Museum of Man. Smallwood, Josh 2006 Site record form for Site SBR-8092/H. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University at Fullerton. Strong, William Duncan 1971 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. Reprint of 1929 Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology No. 26, University of California, Berkeley. Sturm, Bradley L., Jani Monk, and Ivan H. Strudwick 1995 Cultural Resources Survey & National Register Assessment of the Kaiser Steel Mill for the California Speedway Project, Fontana, CA. LSA. Unpublished report on file at the South Central Coastal Information Center at California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California. University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections 2018 Pope & Talbot records, circa 1849-1975. Electronic file, http://archiveswest.orbis cascade.org/ark:/80444/xv14450/pdf, accessed February 26, 2019. Van Devender, T.R. and W.G. Spaulding 1979 Development of Vegetation and Climate in the Southwestern United States. Science 204:701-710. Warren, Claude N. and M.G. Pavesic 1963 Shell Midden Analysis of Site SDI-603 and Ecological Implications for Cultural Development of Batequitos Lagoon, San Diego County, Los Angeles. University of
California, Los Angeles, Archaeological Survey Annual Report, 1960-1961:246-338. World Forestry Center 2017 Andrew Jackson Pope (1820-1978). Electronic document, https://www.worldforestry .org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/POPE-ANDREW-JACKSON.pdf, accessed February 26, 2019.
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APPENDIX A
Resumes of Key Personnel
Brian F. Smith, MA
Owner, Principal Investigator
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road Suite A
Phone: (858) 679-8218 Fax: (858) 679-9896 E-Mail: bsmith@bfsa-ca.com
Education
Master of Arts, History, University of San Diego, California 1982
Bachelor of Arts, History, and Anthropology, University of San Diego, California 1975
Professional Memberships
Society for California Archaeology
Experience
Principal Investigator 1977–Present
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Poway, California
Brian F. Smith is the owner and principal historical and archaeological consultant for Brian F. Smith and
Associates. Over the past 32 years, he has conducted over 2,500 cultural resource studies in California,
Arizona, Nevada, Montana, and Texas. These studies include every possible aspect of archaeology
from literature searches and large-scale surveys to intensive data recovery excavations. Reports
prepared by Mr. Smith have been submitted to all facets of local, state, and federal review agencies,
including the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Land Management, the Bureau of
Reclamation, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Homeland Security. In addition, Mr.
Smith has conducted studies for utility companies (Sempra Energy) and state highway departments
(CalTrans).
Professional Accomplishments
These selected major professional accomplishments represent research efforts that have added
significantly to the body of knowledge concerning the prehistoric life ways of cultures once present in
the southern California area and historic settlement since the late 18th century. Mr. Smith has been
principal investigator on the following select projects, except where noted.
Downtown San Diego Mitigation and Monitoring Reporting Programs: Large numbers of downtown San
Diego mitigation and monitoring projects, some of which included Broadway Block (2019), 915 Grape
Street (2019), 1919 Pacific Highway (2018), Moxy Hotel (2018), Makers Quarter Block D (2017), Ballpark
Village (2017), 460 16th Street (2017), Kettner and Ash (2017), Bayside Fire Station (2017), Pinnacle on the
Park (2017), IDEA1 (2016), Blue Sky San Diego (2016), Pacific Gate (2016), Pendry Hotel (2015), Cisterra
Sempra Office Tower (2014), 15th and Island (2014), Park and G (2014), Comm 22 (2014), 7th and F Street
Parking (2013), Ariel Suites (2013), 13th and Marker (2012), Strata (2008), Hotel Indigo (2008), Lofts at 707
10th Avenue Project (2007), Breeza (2007), Bayside at the Embarcadero (2007), Aria (2007), Icon (2007),
Vantage Pointe (2007), Aperture (2007), Sapphire Tower (2007), Lofts at 655 Sixth Avenue (2007),
Metrowork (2007), The Legend (2006), The Mark (2006), Smart Corner (2006), Lofts at 677 7th Avenue
(2005), Aloft on Cortez Hill (2005), Front and Beech Apartments (2003), Bella Via Condominiums (2003),
Acqua Vista Residential Tower (2003), Northblock Lofts (2003), Westin Park Place Hotel (2001), Parkloft
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 2
Apartment Complex (2001), Renaissance Park (2001), and Laurel Bay Apartments (2001).
1900 and 1912 Spindrift Drive: An extensive data recovery and mitigation monitoring program at the
Spindrift Site, an important prehistoric archaeological habitation site stretching across the La Jolla
area. The project resulted in the discovery of over 20,000 artifacts and nearly 100,000 grams of bulk
faunal remains and marine shell, indicating a substantial occupation area (2013-2014).
San Diego Airport Development Project: An extensive historic assessment of multiple buildings at the
San Diego International Airport and included the preparation of Historic American Buildings Survey
documentation to preserve significant elements of the airport prior to demolition (2017-2018).
Citracado Parkway Extension: A still-ongoing project in the city of Escondido to mitigate impacts to an
important archaeological occupation site. Various archaeological studies have been conducted by
BFSA resulting in the identification of a significant cultural deposit within the project area.
Westin Hotel and Timeshare (Grand Pacific Resorts): Data recovery and mitigation monitoring program
in the city of Carlsbad consisted of the excavation of 176 one-square-meter archaeological data
recovery units which produced thousands of prehistoric artifacts and ecofacts, and resulted in the
preservation of a significant prehistoric habitation site. The artifacts recovered from the site presented
important new data about the prehistory of the region and Native American occupation in the area
(2017).
The Everly Subdivision Project: Data recovery and mitigation monitoring program in the city of El Cajon
resulted in the identification of a significant prehistoric occupation site from both the Late Prehistoric
and Archaic Periods, as well as producing historic artifacts that correspond to the use of the property
since 1886. The project produced an unprecedented quantity of artifacts in comparison to the area
encompassed by the site, but lacked characteristics that typically reflect intense occupation, indicating
that the site was used intensively for food processing (2014-2015).
Ballpark Village: A mitigation and monitoring program within three city blocks in the East Village area of
San Diego resulting in the discovery of a significant historic deposit. Nearly 5,000 historic artifacts and
over 500,000 grams of bulk historic building fragments, food waste, and other materials representing an
occupation period between 1880 and 1917 were recovered (2015-2017).
Archaeology at the Padres Ballpark: Involved the analysis of historic resources within a seven-block area
of the “East Village” area of San Diego, where occupation spanned a period from the 1870s to the
1940s. Over a period of two years, BFSA recovered over 200,000 artifacts and hundreds of pounds of
metal, construction debris, unidentified broken glass, and wood. Collectively, the Ballpark Project and
the other downtown mitigation and monitoring projects represent the largest historical archaeological
program anywhere in the country in the past decade (2000-2007).
4S Ranch Archaeological and Historical Cultural Resources Study: Data recovery program consisted of
the excavation of over 2,000 square meters of archaeological deposits that produced over one million
artifacts, containing primarily prehistoric materials. The archaeological program at 4S Ranch is the
largest archaeological study ever undertaken in the San Diego County area and has produced data
that has exceeded expectations regarding the resolution of long-standing research questions and
regional prehistoric settlement patterns.
Charles H. Brown Site: Attracted international attention to the discovery of evidence of the antiquity of
man in North America. Site located in Mission Valley, in the city of San Diego.
Del Mar Man Site: Study of the now famous Early Man Site in Del Mar, California, for the San Diego
Science Foundation and the San Diego Museum of Man, under the direction of Dr. Spencer Rogers and
Dr. James R. Moriarty.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 3
Old Town State Park Projects: Consulting Historical Archaeologist. Projects completed in the Old Town
State Park involved development of individual lots for commercial enterprises. The projects completed
in Old Town include Archaeological and Historical Site Assessment for the Great Wall Cafe (1992),
Archaeological Study for the Old Town Commercial Project (1991), and Cultural Resources Site Survey at
the Old San Diego Inn (1988).
Site W-20, Del Mar, California: A two-year-long investigation of a major prehistoric site in the Del Mar
area of the city of San Diego. This research effort documented the earliest practice of
religious/ceremonial activities in San Diego County (circa 6,000 years ago), facilitated the projection of
major non-material aspects of the La Jolla Complex, and revealed the pattern of civilization at this site
over a continuous period of 5,000 years. The report for the investigation included over 600 pages, with
nearly 500,000 words of text, illustrations, maps, and photographs documenting this major study.
City of San Diego Reclaimed Water Distribution System: A cultural resource study of nearly 400 miles of
pipeline in the city and county of San Diego.
Master Environmental Assessment Project, City of Poway: Conducted for the City of Poway to produce
a complete inventory of all recorded historic and prehistoric properties within the city. The information
was used in conjunction with the City’s General Plan Update to produce a map matrix of the city
showing areas of high, moderate, and low potential for the presence of cultural resources. The effort
also included the development of the City’s Cultural Resource Guidelines, which were adopted as City
policy.
Draft of the City of Carlsbad Historical and Archaeological Guidelines: Contracted by the City of
Carlsbad to produce the draft of the City’s historical and archaeological guidelines for use by the
Planning Department of the City.
The Mid-Bayfront Project for the City of Chula Vista: Involved a large expanse of undeveloped
agricultural land situated between the railroad and San Diego Bay in the northwestern portion of the
city. The study included the analysis of some potentially historic features and numerous prehistoric
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Audie Murphy
Ranch, Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of 1,113.4 acres
and 43 sites, both prehistoric and historic—included project coordination; direction of field crews;
evaluation of sites for significance based on County of Riverside and CEQA guidelines; assessment of
cupule, pictograph, and rock shelter sites, co-authoring of cultural resources project report.
February- September 2002.
Cultural Resources Evaluation of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Otay Ranch Village 13
Project, San Diego County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of 1,947 acres
and 76 sites, both prehistoric and historic—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of
field crews; assessment of sites for significance based on County of San Diego and CEQA guidelines; co-
authoring of cultural resources project report. May-November 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey for the Remote Video Surveillance Project, El Centro Sector, Imperial County:
Project manager/director for a survey of 29 individual sites near the U.S./Mexico Border for proposed
video surveillance camera locations associated with the San Diego Border barrier Project—project
coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; site identification and recordation; assessment of
potential impacts to cultural resources; meeting and coordinating with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
U.S. Border Patrol, and other government agencies involved; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report. January, February, and July 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Menifee West GPA,
Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of nine sites, both prehistoric
and historic—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; assessment of sites
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 4
for significance based on County of Riverside and CEQA guidelines; historic research; co-authoring of
cultural resources project report. January-March 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed French Valley Specific Plan/EIR, Riverside
County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of two prehistoric and three historic
sites—included project coordination and budgeting; survey of project area; Native American
consultation; direction of field crews; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines;
cultural resources project report in prep. July-August 2000.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Menifee Ranch,
Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of one prehistoric and five
historic sites—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; feature
recordation; historic structure assessments; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA
guidelines; historic research; co-authoring of cultural resources project report. February-June 2000.
Salvage Mitigation of a Portion of the San Diego Presidio Identified During Water Pipe Construction for
the City of San Diego, California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews;
development and completion of data recovery program; management of artifact collections
cataloging and curation; data synthesis and authoring of cultural resources project report in prep. April
2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Tyrian 3 Project, La Jolla, California: Project
manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project coordination;
assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural resources project
report. April 2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Lamont 5 Project, Pacific Beach, California:
Project manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project
coordination; assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural
resources project report. April 2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Reiss Residence Project, La Jolla, California:
Project manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project
coordination; assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural
resources project report. March-April 2000.
Salvage Mitigation of a Portion of Site SDM-W-95 (CA-SDI-211) for the Poinsettia Shores Santalina
Development Project and Caltrans, Carlsbad, California: Project archaeologist/ director—included
direction of field crews; development and completion of data recovery program; management of
artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis and authoring of cultural resources project
report in prep. December 1999-January 2000.
Survey and Testing of Two Prehistoric Cultural Resources for the Airway Truck Parking Project, Otay Mesa,
California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of testing recovery program; assessment of site for significance based on CEQA guidelines;
authoring of cultural resources project report, in prep. December 1999-January 2000.
Cultural Resources Phase I and II Investigations for the Tin Can Hill Segment of the Immigration and
Naturalization Services Triple Fence Project Along the International Border, San Diego County, California:
Project manager/director for a survey and testing of a prehistoric quarry site along the border—NRHP
eligibility assessment; project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; feature recordation;
meeting and coordinating with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report. December 1999-January 2000.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 5
Mitigation of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Westview High School Project for the City of San
Diego, California: Project archaeologist/ director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of data recovery program including collection of material for specialized faunal and
botanical analyses; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines; management of
artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report, in prep. October 1999-January 2000.
Mitigation of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Otay Ranch SPA-One West Project for the City of
Chula Vista, California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews; development
of data recovery program; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; assessment of
site for significance based on CEQA guidelines; data synthesis; authoring of cultural resources project
report, in prep. September 1999-January 2000.
Monitoring of Grading for the Herschel Place Project, La Jolla, California: Project archaeologist/ monitor—
included monitoring of grading activities associated with the development of a single- dwelling parcel.
September 1999.
Survey and Testing of a Historic Resource for the Osterkamp Development Project, Valley Center,
California: Project archaeologist/ director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of data recovery program; budget development; assessment of site for significance based
on CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis;
authoring of cultural resources project report. July-August 1999.
Survey and Testing of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Proposed College Boulevard Alignment
Project, Carlsbad, California: Project manager/director —included direction of field crews;
development and completion of testing recovery program; assessment of site for significance based on
CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis;
authoring of cultural resources project report, in prep. July-August 1999.
Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources for the Palomar Christian Conference Center Project,
Palomar Mountain, California: Project archaeologist—included direction of field crews; assessment of
sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and
curation; data synthesis; authoring of cultural resources project report. July-August 1999.
Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources at the Village 2 High School Site, Otay Ranch, City of Chula
Vista, California: Project manager/director —management of artifact collections cataloging and
curation; assessment of site for significance based on CEQA guidelines; data synthesis; authoring of
cultural resources project report. July 1999.
Cultural Resources Phase I, II, and III Investigations for the Immigration and Naturalization Services Triple
Fence Project Along the International Border, San Diego County, California: Project
manager/director for the survey, testing, and mitigation of sites along border—supervision of multiple
field crews, NRHP eligibility assessments, Native American consultation, contribution to Environmental
Assessment document, lithic and marine shell analysis, authoring of cultural resources project report.
August 1997- January 2000.
Phase I, II, and II Investigations for the Scripps Poway Parkway East Project, Poway California: Project
archaeologist/project director—included recordation and assessment of multicomponent prehistoric
and historic sites; direction of Phase II and III investigations; direction of laboratory analyses including
prehistoric and historic collections; curation of collections; data synthesis; coauthorship of final cultural
resources report. February 1994; March-September 1994; September-December 1995.
Andrew J. Garrison, MA, RPA
Project Archaeologist
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road Suite A
Phone: (858) 679-8218 Fax: (858) 679-9896 E-Mail: agarrison@bfsa-ca.com
Education
Master of Arts, Public History, University of California, Riverside 2009
Bachelor of Science, Anthropology, University of California, Riverside 2005
Bachelor of Arts, History, University of California, Riverside 2005
Professional Memberships
Register of Professional Archaeologists
Society for California Archaeology
Society for American Archaeology
California Council for the Promotion of History
Society of Primitive Technology
Lithic Studies Society
California Preservation Foundation
Pacific Coast Archaeological Society
Experience
Project Archaeologist June 2017–Present
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Poway, California
Project management of all phases of archaeological investigations for local, state, and federal
agencies including National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) and California Environmental Quality Act
(CEQA) level projects interacting with clients, sub-consultants, and lead agencies. Supervise and
perform fieldwork including archaeological survey, monitoring, site testing, comprehensive site records
checks, and historic building assessments. Perform and oversee technological analysis of prehistoric
lithic assemblages. Author or co-author cultural resource management reports submitted to private
clients and lead agencies.
Senior Archaeologist and GIS Specialist 2009–2017
Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. Orange, California
Served as Project Archaeologist or Principal Investigator on multiple projects, including archaeological
monitoring, cultural resource surveys, test excavations, and historic building assessments. Directed
projects from start to finish, including budget and personnel hours proposals, field and laboratory
direction, report writing, technical editing, Native American consultation, and final report submittal.
Oversaw all GIS projects including data collection, spatial analysis, and map creation.
Preservation Researcher 2009
City of Riverside Modernism Survey Riverside, California
Completed DPR Primary, District, and Building, Structure and Object Forms for five sites for a grant-
funded project to survey designated modern architectural resources within the City of Riverside.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 2
Information Officer 2005, 2008–2009
Eastern Information Center (EIC), University of California, Riverside Riverside, California
Processed and catalogued restricted and unrestricted archaeological and historical site record forms.
Conducted research projects and records searches for government agencies and private cultural
resource firms.
Reports/Papers
2019 A Class III Archaeological Study for the Tuscany Valley (TM 33725) Project National Historic
Preservation Act Section 106 Compliance, Lake Elsinore, Riverside County, California.
Contributing author. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Phase I and II Cultural Resources Assessment for the Jack Rabbit Trail Logistics Center Project,
City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the 10575 Foothill Boulevard Project, Rancho
Cucamonga, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 Cultural Resources Study for the County Road and East End Avenue Project, City of Chino, San
Bernardino County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 Phase II Cultural Resource Study for the McElwain Project, City of Murrieta, California.
Contributing author. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2019 A Section 106 (NHPA) Historic Resources Study for the McElwain Project, City of Murrieta,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 Cultural Resource Monitoring Report for the Sewer Group 818 Project, City of San Diego. Brian F.
Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 Phase I Cultural Resource Survey for the Stone Residence Project, 1525 Buckingham Drive, La
Jolla, California 92037. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2018 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Seaton Commerce Center Project, Riverside
County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Marbella Villa Project, City of Desert Hot Springs,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 Phase I Cultural Resources Survey for TTM 37109, City of Jurupa Valley, County of Riverside. Brian
F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2017 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment for the Winchester Dollar General Store Project,
Riverside County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
2016 John Wayne Airport Jet Fuel Pipeline and Tank Farm Archaeological Monitoring Plan. Scientific
Resource Surveys, Inc. On file at the County of Orange, California.
2016 Historic Resource Assessment for 220 South Batavia Street, Orange, CA 92868 Assessor’s Parcel
Number 041-064-4. Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. Submitted to the City of Orange as part of
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 3
Mills Act application.
2015 Historic Resource Report: 807-813 Harvard Boulevard, Los Angeles. Scientific Resource Surveys,
Inc. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State University, Fullerton.
2015 Exploring a Traditional Rock Cairn: Test Excavation at CA-SDI-13/RBLI-26: The Rincon Indian
Reservation, San Diego County, California. Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc.
2014 Archaeological Monitoring Results: The New Los Angeles Federal Courthouse. Scientific
Resource Surveys, Inc. On file at the South Central Coastal Information Center, California State
University, Fullerton.
2012 Bolsa Chica Archaeological Project Volume 7, Technological Analysis of Stone Tools, Lithic
Technology at Bolsa Chica: Reduction Maintenance and Experimentation. Scientific Resource
Surveys, Inc.
Presentations
2017 “Repair and Replace: Lithic Production Behavior as Indicated by the Debitage Assemblage from
CA-MRP-283 the Hackney Site.” Presented at the Society for California Archaeology Annual
Meeting, Fish Camp, California.
2016 “Bones, Stones, and Shell at Bolsa Chica: A Ceremonial Relationship?” Presented at the Society
for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2016 “Markers of Time: Exploring Transitions in the Bolsa Chica Assemblage.” Presented at the Society
for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2016 “Dating Duress: Understanding Prehistoric Climate Change at Bolsa Chica.” Presented at the
Society for California Archaeology Annual Meeting, Ontario, California.
2014 “New Discoveries from an Old Collection: Comparing Recently Identified OGR Beads to Those
Previously Analyzed from the Encino Village Site.” Presented at the Society for California
Archaeology Annual Meeting, Visalia, California.
2012 Bolsa Chica Archaeology: Part Seven: Culture and Chronology. Lithic demonstration of
experimental manufacturing techniques at the April meeting of The Pacific Coast
Archaeological Society, Irvine, California.
A Cultural Resources Study for the 14387 Valley Boulevard Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX B
Archaeological Records Search Results
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)
A Cultural Resources Study for the 14387 Valley Boulevard Project __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
APPENDIX C NAHC Sacred Lands File Search Results
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)