HomeMy WebLinkAboutAppendix E - Cultural Resources StudyA CULTURAL RESOURCES STUDY FOR THE
BIRTCHER LOGISTICS CENTER PROJECT
CITY OF FONTANA,
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
APNs 236-161-04, -10, -31 to -36, -44 to -46, and -77
Submitted to:
City of Fontana
Community Development Department
8353 Sierra Avenue
Fontana, California 92335
Prepared for:
T&B Planning, Inc.
3200 El Camino Real, Suite 100
Irvine, California 92602
Prepared by:
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
November 22, 2021
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Archaeological Database Information
Authors: Elena C. Goralogia, B.A. and Brian F. Smith, M.A.
Consulting Firm: Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
(858) 679-8218
Report Date: November 22, 2021
Report Title: A Cultural Resources Study for the Birtcher Logistics Center
Project, City of Fontana, San Bernardino County, California
(APNs 251-164-03, -04, -10, -23, and -25)
Submitted to: City of Fontana
Community Development Department
8353 Sierra Avenue
Fontana, California 92335
Prepared for: T&B Planning, Inc.
3200 El Camino Real, Suite 100
Irvine, California 92602
Prepared by: Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road, Suite A
Poway, California 92064
USGS Quadrangle: Fontana, California (7.5 minute)
Study Area: 13.38 acres
Key Words: USGS Fontana Quadrangle (7.5 minute); archaeological survey;
negative; archaeological monitoring recommended.
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Table of Contents
Section Page
I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1
II. SETTING ...................................................................................................................1
Natural Environment ................................................................................................1
Cultural Environment ...............................................................................................5
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................13
IV. SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................14
Research Goals .........................................................................................................14
Applicable Regulations ............................................................................................15
V. RESULTS OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................18
Background Research and Results of Records Searches .......................................18
Field Reconnaissance ..............................................................................................19
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................................................22
Cultural Resources Monitoring Program ...............................................................22
VII.CERTIFICATION .....................................................................................................23
VIII. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................23
Appendices
Appendix A – Resumes of Key Personnel
Appendix B – Archaeological Records Search Results*
Appendix C – NAHC Sacred Lands File Search Results*
*Deleted for public review and bound separately in the Confidential Appendix
List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1 General Location Map .................................................................................2
Figure 2 Project Location Map (USGS) .....................................................................3
Figure 3 Project Development Map ...........................................................................4
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List of Plates
Plate Page
Plate 1 Overview of the project, facing east ..........................................................20
Plate 2 Overview of the project, facing south ........................................................20
Plate 3 View of a building pad on the property, facing west .................................21
Plate 4 View of the project from the southeast corner, facing northeast ...............21
List of Tables
Table Page
Table 1 Archaeological Sites Recorded Within a One-Mile Radius of the
Birtcher Logistics Center Project ...............................................................18
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I. INTRODUCTION
In response to a requirement by the City of Fontana, Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
(BFSA) conducted an archaeological survey of the 13.38-acre Birtcher Logistics Center Project.
This project (Assessor’s Parcel Numbers [APNs] 236-161-04, -10, -31 to -36, -44 to -46, and -77)
is located southwest of the intersection of Banana and Santa Ana avenues in the southwestern
portion of the city of Fontana, San Bernardino County, California (Figure 1). On the U.S.
Geological Survey 7.5-minute, 1:24,000-scale Fontana, California topographic quadrangle map,
the project is situated within Section 27, Township 1 South, Range 6 West, San Bernardino Base
and Meridian (Figure 2). The proposed project consists of the construction of an industrial
warehouse building with associated parking and infrastructure (Figure 3).
The archaeological survey was conducted on November 17, 2021 in order to determine if
cultural resources exist within the property and if the project represents a potential adverse impact
to cultural resources. The survey did not identify the presence of cultural resources. As part of
this study, a copy of the report will be submitted to the South Central Coastal Information Center
(SCCIC) at California State University, Fullerton (CSU Fullerton). All investigations conducted
by BFSA related to this project conformed to California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and
City of Fontana environmental guidelines.
II. SETTING
Natural Environment
The Birtcher Logistics Center Project is generally located in southwestern San Bernardino
County in the city of Fontana. The subject property is part of the Chino Basin south of the San
Gabriel Mountains, north of the Jurupa Mountains, and west of the San Bernardino Mountains.
The San Gabriel Mountains extend from Newhall Pass in Los Angeles County to the east to the
Cajon Pass in San Bernardino County. These mountains are part of the Transverse Ranges with
peaks exceeding 9,000 feet above mean sea level.
Geologically, the project is located near the western margin and distal southern end of the
broad Lytle Creek alluvial fan that emanates from the San Gabriel Mountains approximately nine
to 10 miles to the north as a result of uplift and dissection of the eastern San Gabriel Mountains
(Wirths 2021). The main source of these sediments is from the Lytle Creek drainage, near where
the northwest-southeast-trending San Andreas fault zone cuts across and separates the San Gabriel
and San Bernardino mountain ranges (Morton and Miller 2006).
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Geomorphically, the project is relatively flat-lying, with a gentle slope to the southwest.
The project is underlain by late Holocene-aged (approximately within the last few thousand years)
young alluvial fan deposits (Morton and Miller 2006). These deposits are likely underlain by an
older deposit of young alluvial fan sediments, which are early Holocene and late Pleistocene in
age (approximately 6,000 to 120,000 years ago [Cohen and Gibbard 2011]) (Wirths 2021). Soils
in and around the project are mainly characterized as Tujunga loamy sand, 0 to 5 percent slopes,
which consist of very deep, somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in alluvium from
granitic sources (NRCS 2019).
During the prehistoric period, vegetation near the project provided sufficient food
resources to support prehistoric human occupants. Animals that inhabited the project during
prehistoric times included mammals such as rabbits, squirrels, gophers, mice, rats, deer, and
coyotes, in addition to a variety of reptiles and amphibians. The natural setting of the project
during the prehistoric occupation offered a rich nutritional resource base. Fresh water was likely
obtainable from the Chino Creek, Cucamonga Creek, and the Santa Ana River. Historically, the
property likely contained the same plant and animal species that are present today.
Currently, the property is entirely developed with concrete driveways, building pads, and
asphalt and gravel parking areas for tractor trailers. According to aerial photographs, the property
has been predominantly utilized as tractor trailer storage since at least the early 2000s. All
structures but three had been demolished at the time of the survey. The residence at 13989 Santa
Ana Avenue was subsequently demolished following the BFSA survey. No natural features often
associated with prehistoric sites, such as bedrock outcropping or natural sources of water, are
located within the subject property.
Cultural Environment
Paleo Indian, Archaic Period Milling Stone Horizon, and the Late Prehistoric Shoshonean
groups are the three general cultural periods represented in San Bernardino County. The following
discussion of the cultural history of San Bernardino County references the San Dieguito Complex,
Encinitas Tradition, Milling Stone Horizon, La Jolla Complex, Pauma Complex, and San Luis Rey
Complex, since these culture sequences have been used to describe archaeological manifestations
in the region. The Late Prehistoric component in the area of San Bernardino County was
represented by the Cahuilla, Serrano, and potentially the Vanyume Indians.
Absolute chronological information, where possible, will be incorporated into this
discussion to examine the effectiveness of continuing to use these terms interchangeably.
Reference will be made to the geological framework that divides the culture chronology of the
area into four segments: late Pleistocene (20,000 to 10,000 years before the present [YBP]), early
Holocene (10,000 to 6,650 YBP), middle Holocene (6,650 to 3,350 YBP), and late Holocene
(3,350 to 200 YBP).
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Paleo Indian Period (Late Pleistocene: 11,500 to circa 9,000 YBP)
The Paleo Indian Period is associated with the terminus of the late Pleistocene (12,000 to
10,000 YBP). The environment during the late Pleistocene was cool and moist, which allowed for
glaciation in the mountains and the formation of deep, pluvial lakes in the deserts and basin lands
(Moratto 1984). However, by the terminus of the late Pleistocene, the climate became warmer,
which caused the glaciers to melt, sea levels to rise, greater coastal erosion, large lakes to recede
and evaporate, extinction of Pleistocene megafauna, and major vegetation changes (Moratto 1984;
Martin 1967, 1973; Fagan 1991). The coastal shoreline at 10,000 YBP, depending upon the
particular area of the coast, was near the 30-meter isobath, or two to six kilometers further west
than its present location (Masters 1983).
Paleo Indians were likely attracted to multiple habitat types, including mountains,
marshlands, estuaries, and lakeshores. These people likely subsisted using a more generalized
hunting, gathering, and collecting adaptation while utilizing a variety of resources including birds,
mollusks, and both large and small mammals (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Moratto 1984; Moss
and Erlandson 1995).
Archaic Period (Early and Middle Holocene: circa 9000 to 1300 YBP)
The Archaic Period of prehistory begins with the onset of the Holocene around 9,000 YBP.
The transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene was a period of major environmental change
throughout North America (Antevs 1953; Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). The general
warming trend caused sea levels to rise, lakes to evaporate, and drainage patterns to change. In
southern California, the general climate at the beginning of the early Holocene was marked by
cool/moist periods and an increase in warm/dry periods and sea levels. The coastal shoreline at
8,000 YBP, depending upon the particular area of the coast, was near the 20-meter isobath, or one
to four kilometers further west than its present location (Masters 1983).
The rising sea level during the early Holocene created rocky shorelines and bays along the
coast by flooding valley floors and eroding the coastline (Curray 1965; Inman 1983). Shorelines
were primarily rocky with small littoral cells, as sediments were deposited at bay edges but rarely
discharged into the ocean (Reddy 2000). These bays eventually evolved into lagoons and
estuaries, which provided a rich habitat for mollusks and fish. The warming trend and rising sea
levels generally continued until the late Holocene (4,000 to 3,500 YBP).
At the beginning of the late Holocene, sea levels stabilized, rocky shores declined, lagoons
filled with sediment, and sandy beaches became established (Gallegos 1985; Inman 1983; Masters
1994; Miller 1966; Warren and Pavesic 1963). Many former lagoons became saltwater marshes
surrounded by coastal sage scrub by the late Holocene (Gallegos 2002). The sedimentation of the
lagoons was significant in that it had profound effects on the types of resources available to
prehistoric peoples. Habitat was lost for certain large mollusks, namely Chione and Argopecten,
but habitat was gained for other small mollusks, particularly Donax (Gallegos 1985; Reddy 2000).
The changing lagoon habitats resulted in the decline of larger shellfish, loss of drinking water, and
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loss of Torrey Pine nuts, causing a major depopulation of the coast as people shifted inland to
reliable freshwater sources and intensified their exploitation of terrestrial small game and plants,
including acorns (originally proposed by Rogers 1929; Gallegos 2002).
The Archaic Period in southern California is associated with a number of different cultures,
complexes, traditions, periods, and horizons, including San Dieguito, La Jolla, Encinitas, Milling
Stone, Pauma, and Intermediate.
Late Prehistoric Period (Late Holocene: 1,300 YBP to 1790)
Approximately 1,350 YBP, a Shoshonean-speaking group from the Great Basin region
moved into San Bernardino County, marking the transition to the Late Prehistoric Period. This
period has been characterized by higher population densities and elaborations in social, political,
and technological systems. Economic systems diversified and intensified during this period, with
the continued elaboration of trade networks, the use of shell-bead currency, and the appearance of
more labor-intensive, yet effective, technological innovations. Technological developments
during this period included the introduction of the bow and arrow between A.D. 400 and 600 and
the introduction of ceramics. Atlatl darts were replaced by smaller arrow darts, including the
Cottonwood series points. Other hallmarks of the Late Prehistoric Period include extensive trade
networks as far reaching as the Colorado River Basin and cremation of the dead.
Protohistoric Period (Late Holocene: 1790 to Present)
Prior to the arrival of the Spanish missionaries to the San Bernardino area, Redlands was
inhabited by the Cahuilla, Serrano, and potentially the Vanyume Indians. The territory of the
Vanyume was covered by small and relatively sparse populations focused primarily along the
Mojave River, north of the Serrano and southeast of the Kawaiisu. It is believed that the
southwestern extent of their territory went as far as Cajon Pass and portions of Hesperia. Bean
and Smith (1978) noted that it was uncertain if the Vanyume spoke a dialect of Serrano or a
separate Takic-based language. However, King and Blackburn (1978) suggest that the Vanyume
and other Kitanemuk speakers once occupied most of Antelope Valley. In contrast to the Serrano,
the Vanyume maintained friendly social relations with the Mohave and Chemehuevi to the east
and northeast (Kroeber 1976). As with the majority of California native populations, Vanyume
populations were decimated around the 1820s by placement in Spanish missions and asistencias.
It is believed that by 1900, the Vanyume had become extinct (Bean and Smith 1978). However,
given the settlement patterns reported for the Vanyume, it is more probable that the population
was dispersed rather than completely wiped out.
At the time of Spanish contact in the sixteenth century, the Cahuilla occupied territory that
included the San Bernardino Mountains, Orocopia Mountain, and the Chocolate Mountains to the
west, Salton Sea and Borrego Springs to the south, Palomar Mountain and Lake Mathews to the
west, and the Santa Ana River to the north. The Cahuilla are a Takic-speaking people closely
related to their Gabrielino and Luiseño neighbors, although relations with the Gabrielino were
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more intense than with the Luiseño. They differ from the Luiseño and Gabrielino in that their
religion is more similar to the Mohave tribes of the eastern deserts than the Chingichngish cult of
the Luiseño and Gabrielino. The following is a summary of ethnographic data regarding this group
(Bean 1978; Kroeber 1976).
Cahuilla villages were typically permanent and located on low terraces within canyons in
proximity to water sources. These locations proved to be rich in food resources and also afforded
protection from prevailing winds. Villages had areas that were publicly owned as well as areas
that were privately owned by clans, families, or individuals. Each village was associated with a
particular lineage and series of sacred sites that included unique petroglyphs and pictographs.
Villages were occupied throughout the year; however, during a several-week period in the fall,
most of the village members relocated to mountain oak groves to take part in acorn harvesting
(Bean 1978; Kroeber 1976).
The Serrano and Vanyume, however, were primarily hunters and gatherers. Individual
family dwellings were likely circular, domed structures. Vegetal staples varied with locality;
acorns and piñon nuts were found in the foothills, and mesquite, yucca roots, cacti fruits, and piñon
nuts were found in or near the desert regions. Diets were supplemented with other roots, bulbs,
shoots, and seeds (Heizer 1978). Deer, mountain sheep, antelopes, rabbits, and other small rodents
were among the principal food packages. Various game birds, especially quail, were also hunted.
The bow and arrow was used for large game, while smaller game and birds were killed with curved
throwing sticks, traps, and snares. Occasionally, game was hunted communally, often during
mourning ceremonies (Benedict 1924; Drucker 1937; Heizer 1978). In general, manufactured
goods included baskets, some pottery, rabbit-skin blankets, awls, arrow straighteners, sinew-
backed bows, arrows, fire drills, stone pipes, musical instruments (rattles, rasps, whistles, bull-
roarers, and flutes), feathered costumes, mats, bags, storage pouches, and nets (Heizer 1978). Food
acquisition and processing required the manufacture of additional items such as knives, stone or
bone scrapers, pottery trays and bowls, bone or horn spoons, and stirrers. Mortars, made of either
stone or wood, and metates were also manufactured (Strong 1971; Drucker 1937; Benedict 1924).
Much like the Vanyume, the Serrano suffered large population decreases during the early
1800s. While the missionaries are credited with developing the first stable water supply in the
area by diverting water from Mill Creek into a zanja that terminated at the Asistencia de Mission
San Gabriel on Barton Road in Redlands, the task was completed through labor provided by the
Serrano. The zanja, known as the Mill Creek Zanja, is located along the southern boundary of the
current project area. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) since
1976.
Historic Period
Traditionally, the history of the state of California has been divided into three
general periods: the Spanish Period (1769 to 1821), the Mexican Period (1822 to 1846), and the
American Period (1848 to present) (Caughey 1970). The American Period is often further
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subdivided into additional phases: the nineteenth century (1848 to 1900), the early twentieth
century (1900 to 1950), and the Modern Period (1950 to present). From an archaeological
standpoint, all of these phases can be referred to together as the Ethnohistoric Period. This
provides a valuable tool for archaeologists, as ethnohistory is directly concerned with the study of
indigenous or non-Western peoples from a combined historical/anthropological viewpoint, which
employs written documents, oral narrative, material culture, and ethnographic data for analysis.
European exploration along the California coast began in 1542 with the landing of Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo and his men at San Diego Bay. Sixty years after the Cabrillo expeditions, an
expedition under Sebastian Viscaíno made an extensive and thorough exploration of the Pacific
coast. Although the voyage did not extend beyond the northern limits of the Cabrillo track,
Viscaíno had the most lasting effect upon the nomenclature of the coast. Many of his place names
have survived, whereas practically every one of the names created by Cabrillo have faded from
use. For instance, Cabrillo named the first (now) United States port he stopped at “San Miguel”;
60 years later, Viscaíno changed it to “San Diego” (Rolle 1969). The early European voyages
observed Native Americans living in villages along the coast but did not make any substantial,
long-lasting impact. At the time of contact, the Luiseño population was estimated to have ranged
from 4,000 to as many as 10,000 individuals (Bean and Shipek 1978; Kroeber 1976).
The historic background of the project area began with the Spanish colonization of Alta
California. The first Spanish colonizing expedition reached southern California in 1769 with the
intention of converting and civilizing the indigenous populations, as well as expanding the
knowledge of and access to new resources in the region (Brigandi 1998). As a result, by the late
eighteenth century, a large portion of southern California was overseen by Mission San Luis Rey
(San Diego County), Mission San Juan Capistrano (Orange County), and Mission San Gabriel
(Los Angeles County), who began colonization the region and surrounding areas (Chapman 1921).
Up until this time, the only known way to feasibly travel from Sonora to Alta California
was by sea. In 1774, Juan Bautista de Anza, an army captain at Tubac, requested and was given
permission by the governor of the Mexican State of Sonora to establish an overland route from
Sonora to Monterey (Chapman 1921). In doing so, Juan Bautista de Anza passed through
Riverside County and described the area in writing for the first time (Caughey 1970; Chapman
1921). In 1797, Father Presidente Lausen (of Mission San Diego de Alcalá), Father Norberto de
Santiago, and Corporal Pedro Lisalde (of Mission San Juan Capistrano) led an expedition through
southwestern Riverside County in search of a new mission site to establish a presence between
San Diego and San Juan Capistrano (Engelhardt 1921). Their efforts ultimately resulted in the
establishment of Mission San Luis Rey in Oceanside, California.
Each mission gained power through the support of a large, subjugated Native American
workforce. As the missions grew, livestock holdings increased and became increasingly
vulnerable to theft. In order to protect their interests, the southern California missions began to
expand inland to try and provide additional security (Beattie and Beattie 1939; Caughey 1970). In
order to meet their needs, the Spaniards embarked on a formal expedition in 1806 to find potential
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locations within what is now the San Bernardino Valley. As a result, by 1810, Father Francisco
Dumetz of Mission San Gabriel had succeeded in establishing a religious site, or capilla, at a
Cahuilla rancheria called Guachama (Beattie and Beattie 1939). San Bernardino Valley received
its name from this site, which was dedicated to San Bernardino de Siena by Father Dumetz. The
Guachama rancheria was located in present-day Bryn Mawr in San Bernardino County.
These early colonization efforts were followed by the establishment of estancias at Puente
(circa 1816) and San Bernardino (circa 1819) near Guachama (Beattie and Beattie 1939). These
efforts were soon mirrored by the Spaniards from Mission San Luis Rey, who in turn established
a presence in what is now Lake Elsinore, Temecula, and Murrieta (Chapman 1921). The
indigenous groups who occupied these lands were recruited by missionaries, converted, and put to
work in the missions (Pourade 1961). Throughout this period, the Native American populations
were decimated by introduced diseases, a drastic shift in diet resulting in poor nutrition, and social
conflicts due to the introduction of an entirely new social order (Cook 1976).
Mexico achieved independence from Spain in 1822 and became a federal republic in 1824.
As a result, both Baja and Alta California became classified as territories (Rolle 1969). Shortly
thereafter, the Mexican Republic sought to grant large tracts of private land to its citizens to begin
to encourage immigration to California and to establish its presence in the region. Part of the
establishment of power and control included the desecularization of the missions circa 1832.
These same missions were also located on some of the most fertile land in California and, as a
result, were considered highly valuable. The resulting land grants, known as “ranchos,” covered
expansive portions of California and by 1846, more than 600 land grants had been issued by the
Mexican government. Rancho Jurupa was the first rancho to be established and was issued to Juan
Bandini in 1838. Although Bandini primarily resided in San Diego, Rancho Jurupa was located
in what is now Riverside County (Pourade 1963). A review of Riverside County place names
quickly illustrates that many of the ranchos in Riverside County lent their names to present-day
locations, including Jurupa, El Rincon, La Sierra, El Sobrante de San Jacinto, La Laguna (Lake
Elsinore), Santa Rosa, Temecula, Pauba, San Jacinto Nuevo y Potrero, and San Jacinto Viejo
(Gunther 1984). As was typical of many ranchos, these were all located in the valley environments
within western Riverside County.
The treatment of Native Americans grew worse during the Rancho Period. Most of the
Native Americans were forced off of their land or put to work on the now privately-owned ranchos,
most often as slave labor. In light of the brutal ranchos, the degree to which Native Americans
had become dependent upon the mission system is evident when, in 1838, a group of Native
Americans from Mission San Luis Rey petitioned government officials in San Diego to relieve
suffering at the hands of the rancheros:
We have suffered incalculable losses, for some of which we are in part to be blamed
for because many of us have abandoned the Mission … We plead and beseech you
… to grant us a Rev. Father for this place. We have been accustomed to the Rev.
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Fathers and to their manner of managing the duties. We labored under their
intelligent directions, and we were obedient to the Fathers according to the
regulations, because we considered it as good for us. (Brigandi 1998:21)
Native American culture had been disrupted to the point where they could no longer rely
upon prehistoric subsistence and social patterns. Not only does this illustrate how dependent the
Native Americans had become upon the missionaries, but it also indicates a marked contrast in the
way the Spanish treated the Native Americans compared to the Mexican and United States
ranchers. Spanish colonialism (missions) is based upon utilizing human resources while
integrating them into their society. The Mexican and American ranchers did not accept Native
Americans into their social order and used them specifically for the extraction of labor, resources,
and profit. Rather than being incorporated, they were either subjugated or exterminated (Cook
1976).
By 1846, tensions between the United States and Mexico had escalated to the point of war
(Rolle 1969). In order to reach a peaceful agreement, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was put
into effect in 1848, which resulted in the annexation of California to the United States. Once
California opened to the United States, waves of settlers moved in searching for gold mines,
business opportunities, political opportunities, religious freedom, and adventure (Rolle 1969;
Caughey 1970). By 1850, California had become a state and was eventually divided into 27
separate counties. While a much larger population was now settling in California, this was
primarily in the central valley, San Francisco, and the Gold Rush region of the Sierra Nevada
mountain range (Rolle 1969; Caughey 1970). During this time, southern California grew at a much
slower pace than northern California and was still dominated by the cattle industry established
during the earlier rancho period. However, by 1859, the first United States Post Office in what
would eventually become Riverside County was set up at John Magee’s store on the Temecula
Rancho (Gunther 1984).
During the same decade, circa 1852, the Native Americans of southern Riverside County,
including the Luiseño and the Cahuilla, thought they had signed a treaty resulting in their
ownership of all lands from Temecula to Aguanga east to the desert, including the San Jacinto
Valley and the San Gorgonio Pass. The Temecula Treaty also included food and clothing
provisions for the Native Americans. However, Congress never ratified these treaties, and the
promise of one large reservation was rescinded (Brigandi 1998).
With the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1869, southern California saw its
first major population expansion. The population boom continued circa 1874 with the completion
of connections between the Southern Pacific Railroad in Sacramento to the transcontinental
Central Pacific Railroad in Los Angeles (Rolle 1969; Caughey 1970). The population influx
brought farmers, land speculators, and prospective developers to the region. As the Jurupa area
became more and more populated, circa 1870, Judge John Wesley North and a group of associates
founded the city of Riverside on part of the former rancho.
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Although the first orange trees were planted in Riverside County circa 1871, it was not
until a few years later when a small number of Brazilian navel orange trees were established that
the citrus industry truly began in the region (Patterson 1971). The Brazilian naval orange was well
suited to the climate of Riverside County and thrived with assistance from several extensive
irrigation projects. At the close of 1882, an estimated half a million citrus trees were present in
California. It is estimated that nearly half of that population was in Riverside County. Population
growth and 1880s tax revenue from the booming citrus industry prompted the official formation
of Riverside County in 1893 out of portions of what was once San Bernardino County (Patterson
1971).
Shortly thereafter, with the start of World War I, the United States began to develop a
military presence in Riverside County with the construction of March Air Reserve Base. During
World War II, Camp Haan was constructed in what is now the current location of the National
Veteran’s Cemetery. In the decades that followed, populations spread throughout the county into
Lake Elsinore, Corona, Norco, Murrieta, and Wildomar. However, a significant portion of the
county remained largely agricultural well into the 1970s. Following the 1970s, Riverside saw a
period of dramatic population increase as the result of new development, more than doubling the
population of the county with a population of over 1.3 million residents (Patterson 1971).
General History of the City of Fontana
In 1869, Andrew Jackson Pope, co-founder of the Pope & Talbot Company, a lumber
dealer based out of San Francisco (Ancestry.com 2009a, 2009b; University of Washington
Libraries, Special Collections 2018), purchased 3,840 acres of land in San Bernardino County as
part of the Land Act of 1820. “During the ensuing years, Andrew Pope and W.C. Talbot acquired
other properties in the West, chiefly in California. By 1874, they owned a real estate empire,
including almost 80,000 acres of ranch lands” (World Forestry Center 2017).
Pope passed away in 1878 amid water rights conflicts between grant owners (himself) and
settlers surrounding his Fontana-area lands. As a result of the water rights conflict, in which the
United States Supreme Court sided with the grant owners, the Lytle Creek Water Company was
formed in 1881. The purpose of the Lytle Creek Water Company was to:
[U]nify the interests of appropriators to the stream, to fight the grant owners. These
latter had the law on their side, but the settlers had the water, and were holding and
using it. An injunction was issued in favor of the grant owners, restraining the
settlers from using the water, but it was never enforced. The conflict was a long
and bitter one. In the meantime, the grant owners, and others operating with them,
quietly bought up the stock of the Lytle Creek Water Company, until enough to
control it was secured, and sold out these rights to the projectors of the Semi-tropic
Land and Water Company, with the riparian lands, which movement seems to have
quieted the conflict. (Hall 1888)
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The Semi-Tropic Land and Water Company was incorporated in 1887. That year, the company
platted the settlement of Rosena, but no structures were erected. By 1888, the company had
acquired “something more than twenty-eight thousand five hundred acres of land, embracing the
channel of Lytle creek for ten miles” (Hall 1888).
In 1903, San Bernardino contractor and agriculturist A.B. Miller and “his pioneer Fontana
Development Company purchased Rosena, and by 1905 had begun the building of a farming
complex that included an assortment of barns, dining rooms, a 200-man bunk house, a kitchen, a
company store, as well as the ranch house used by the foreman” (Anicic 1982). By 1906, Miller
had also taken over the remainder of the Semi-Tropic Land and Water Company assets and created
the Fontana Farms Company and the Fontana Land Company. Afterward, Miller oversaw the
construction of an irrigation system that utilized the water from Lytle Creek, as well as the planting
of “half a million eucalyptus saplings as windbreaks” (Conford 1995).
In 1913, the town of Fontana was platted between Foothill Boulevard and the Santa Fe
railroad tracks. Much of the land to the south of the townsite was utilized as a hog farm, while the
remainder of the Fontana Farms Company land was subdivided into small farms. The smaller
“starter farms” were approximately 2.5 acres and the new owner was able to choose between
grapevines or walnut trees, all supplied by the Fontana Farms nursery. “By 1930 the Fontana
Company had subdivided more than three thousand homesteads, half occupied by full-time
settlers, some of them immigrants from Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Italy” (Conford 1995).
Kaiser Steel was founded in Fontana in the 1940s and became one of the main producers
of steel west of the Mississippi River. To provide for his workers’ health needs, Henry J. Kaiser
constructed the Fontana Kaiser Permanente medical facility, which is now the largest managed
care organization in the United States. The city of Fontana was incorporated on June 25, 1952.
The steel operation was closed in the 1980s; however, the city has since become a transportation
hub for trucking due to the number of highways that intersect in the area (Anicic 2005; City of
Fontana 2018).
III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The project consists of 13.38 acres located southwest of the intersection of Banana and
Santa Ana avenues in the southwestern portion of the city of Fontana, San Bernardino County,
California (APNs 236-161-04, -10, -31 to -36, -44 to -46, and -77). The property can be
characterized as entirely developed with concrete driveways, building pads, structures, and asphalt
and gravel parking areas for tractor trailers. The project proposes the construction of an industrial
warehouse building and associated parking and infrastructure (see Figure 3).
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IV. SCOPE OF WORK
In order to determine the presence of cultural resources within the proposed project, the
archaeological investigation consisted of the following tasks:
1) An archaeological records search was conducted by BFSA at the SCCIC at CSU
Fullerton to gather any information regarding recorded cultural resources within or
adjacent to the project.
2) The initial archaeological survey of the property was accomplished by conducting a
structured intensive reconnaissance that followed survey transects, which were parallel
to the existing street directions. All areas of disturbed ground and any rodent burrows
were analyzed for evidence of buried archaeological deposits.
3) This archaeological technical report was prepared to present the results of the field
survey, impact analysis, and presentation of any mitigation measures required for
project approval.
Research Goals
The primary goal of the research design is to attempt to understand the way in which
humans have used the land and resources within the project area over time, as well as to aid in the
determination of resource significance. For the current project, the area under investigation is the
southwestern portion of San Bernardino County. The scope of work for the archaeological
program conducted for the Birtcher Logistic Center Project included a survey of the 13.38-acre
property. Given the area involved and the narrow focus of the cultural resources study, the research
design for this project was necessarily limited and general in nature. Since the main objective of
the investigation was to identify the presence of and potential impacts to cultural resources, the
goal is not necessarily to answer wide-reaching theories regarding the development of early
southern California, but to investigate the role and importance of the identified resources.
Although survey-level investigations are limited in terms of the amount of information available,
several specific research questions were developed that could be used to guide the initial
investigations of any observed cultural resources. The following research questions take into
account the size and location of the project.
Research Questions:
• Can located cultural resources be situated with a specific time period,
population, or individual?
• Do the types of located cultural resources allow a site activity/function to be
determined from a preliminary investigation? What are the site activities?
What is the site function? What resources were exploited?
• How do the located sites compare to others reported from different surveys
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conducted in the area?
• How do the located sites fit existing models of settlement and subsistence for
valley environments of the region?
Data Needs
At the survey level, the principal research objective is a generalized investigation of
changing settlement patterns in both the prehistoric and historic periods within the study area. The
overall goal is to understand settlement and resource procurement patterns of the project area
occupants. Therefore, adequate information on site function, context, and chronology from an
archaeological perspective is essential for the investigation. The fieldwork and archival research
were undertaken with these primary research goals in mind:
1) To identify cultural resources occurring within the project;
2) To determine, if possible, site type and function, context of the deposit, and
chronological placement of each cultural resource identified;
3) To place each cultural resource identified within a regional perspective; and
4) To provide recommendations for the treatment of each of the cultural resources
identified.
Applicable Regulations
Resource importance is assigned to districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that
possess exceptional value or quality illustrating or interpreting the heritage of San Bernardino
County in history, architecture, archaeology, engineering, and culture. A number of criteria are
used in demonstrating resource importance. Specifically, criteria outlined in CEQA provide the
guidance for making such a determination. The following sections detail the CEQA criteria that a
resource must meet in order to be determined important.
California Environmental Quality Act
According to CEQA (§15064.5a), the term “historical resource” includes the following:
1) A resource listed in or determined to be eligible by the State Historical Resources
Commission for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR)
(Public Resources Code [PRC] SS5024.1, Title 14 CCR. Section 4850 et seq.).
2) A resource included in a local register of historical resources, as defined in Section
5020.1(k) of the PRC or identified as significant in a historical resource survey meeting
the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the PRC, shall be presumed to be historically
or culturally significant. Public agencies must treat any such resource as significant
unless the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or
culturally significant.
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3) Any object, building, structure, site, area, place, record, or manuscript, which a lead
agency determines to be historically significant or significant in the architectural,
engineering, scientific, economic, agricultural, educational, social, political, military,
or cultural annals of California may be considered to be an historical resource, provided
the lead agency’s determination is supported by substantial evidence in light of the
whole record. Generally, a resource shall be considered by the lead agency to be
“historically significant” if the resource meets the criteria for listing on the CRHR (PRC
SS5024.1, Title 14, Section 4852) including the following:
a) Is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad
patterns of California’s history and cultural heritage;
b) Is associated with the lives of persons important in our past;
c) Embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of
construction, or represents the work of an important creative individual, or
possesses high artistic values; or
d) Has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or
history.
4) The fact that a resource is not listed in, or determined eligible for listing in, the CRHR,
not included in a local register of historical resources (pursuant to Section 5020.1[k] of
the PRC), or identified in a historical resources survey (meeting the criteria in Section
5024.1[g] of the PRC) does not preclude a lead agency from determining that the
resource may be a historical resource as defined in PRC Section 5020.1(j) or 5024.1.
According to CEQA (§15064.5b), a project with an effect that may cause a substantial
adverse change in the significance of a historical resource is a project that may have a significant
effect upon the environment. CEQA defines a substantial adverse change as:
1) Substantial adverse change in the significance of a historical resource means physical
demolition, destruction, relocation, or alteration of the resource or its immediate
surroundings such that the significance of an historical resource would be materially
impaired.
2) The significance of a historical resource is materially impaired when a project:
a) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and
that justify its inclusion in, or eligibility for, inclusion in the CRHR; or
b) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics that account for its inclusion in a local register of historical
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resources pursuant to Section 5020.1(k) of the PRC or its identification in a
historical resources survey meeting the requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of
the PRC, unless the public agency reviewing the effects of the project
establishes by a preponderance of evidence that the resource is not historically
or culturally significant; or,
c) Demolishes or materially alters in an adverse manner those physical
characteristics of a historical resource that convey its historical significance and
that justify its eligibility for inclusion in the CRHR as determined by a lead
agency for purposes of CEQA.
Section 15064.5(c) of CEQA applies to effects upon archaeological sites and contains the
following additional provisions regarding archaeological sites:
1) When a project will impact an archaeological site, a lead agency shall first determine
whether the site is a historical resource, as defined in subsection (a).
2) If a lead agency determines that the archaeological site is a historical resource, it shall
refer to the provisions of Section 21084.1 of the PRC, Section 15126.4 of the
guidelines, and the limits contained in Section 21083.2 of the PRC do not apply.
3) If an archaeological site does not meet the criteria defined in subsection (a), but does
meet the definition of a unique archaeological resource in Section 21083.2 of the PRC,
the site shall be treated in accordance with the provisions of Section 21083.2. The time
and cost limitations described in PRC Section 21083.2(c-f) do not apply to surveys and
site evaluation activities intended to determine whether the project location contains
unique archaeological resources.
4) If an archaeological resource is neither a unique archaeological nor historical resource,
the effects of the project on those resources shall not be considered a significant effect
on the environment. It shall be sufficient that both the resource and the effect upon it
are noted in the Initial Study or Environmental Impact Report, if one is prepared to
address impacts upon other resources, but they need not be considered further in the
CEQA process.
Section 15064.5(d) and Section 15064.5 (e) contain additional provisions regarding human
remains. Regarding Native American human remains, paragraph (d) provides:
(d) When an Initial Study identifies the existence of, or the probable likelihood, of Native
American human remains within the project, a lead agency shall work with the
appropriate Native Americans as identified by the Native American Heritage
Commission (NAHC) as provided in PRC SS5097.98. The applicant may develop an
agreement for treating or disposing of, with appropriate dignity, the human remains
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and any items associated with Native American burials with the appropriate Native
Americans as identified by the NAHC. Action implementing such an agreement is
exempt from:
1) The general prohibition on disinterring, disturbing, or removing human remains
from any location other than a dedicated cemetery (Health and Safety Code
Section 7050.5).
2) The requirement of CEQA and the Coastal Act.
V. RESULTS OF STUDY
Background Research and Results of Records Searches
The SCCIC records search results indicate that 15 resources have been recorded within one
mile of the project, none of which are located within the subject property (Table 1). All 15
resources are historic and include Southern Pacific Railroad alignments, a farm complex, single-
family residences, a motel, transmission lines, and the Kaiser Steel Mill.
Table 1
Archaeological Sites Recorded Within a One-Mile
Radius of the Birtcher Logistics Center Project
Site(s) Description
SBR-4131H Kaiser Steel Mill
SBR-7426H Declezville Branch Line
of the Southern Pacific Railroad
SBR-7795H Historic outbuilding foundations,
sidewalks, and refuse pits/deposits
SBR-10,330H Southern Pacific Railroad at Monte Vista Avenue
P-36-020009 Historic motel
P-36-020010, P-36-033027, P-36-033107,
P-36-033108, P-36-033109, P-36-033110,
and P-36-033111
Historic single-family residence
P-36-020011 Historic farm complex
SBR-17,228H
Etiwanda-San Bernardino 220kV Transmission
Power Line/Southern California Edison West of
Devers 230kV Transmission Line
SBR-17,229H Mira Loma-Vista 230kV Transmission Line
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The results of the records search data also indicate that 31 cultural resource studies have
been conducted within a one-mile radius of the subject property, none of which include any
portions of the project. The full records search results are provided in Appendix B.
The following historic sources were also reviewed:
• The NRHP Index
• The Office of Historic Preservation (OHP), Archaeological Determinations of
Eligibility
• The OHP, Built Environment Resources Directory
• Historic aerial photographs dating between 1938 and 2018
These sources did not indicate the presence of any further cultural resources.
BFSA also requested a Sacred Lands File search from the NAHC. As of the date of this
report, a response has not yet been received. All correspondence is provided in Appendix C.
The records search and literature review suggest that there is a low potential for prehistoric
sites to be contained within the boundaries of the property due to the extensive nature of past
ground disturbances and the lack of natural resources often associated with prehistoric sites. No
prehistoric sites have been recorded within one mile of the project and these resources tend to be
situated farther south, closer to the bedrock-laden Jurupa Mountains. The records search and
literature review suggests that historic buildings and sites associated with the agricultural history
of the region are the most likely cultural resources to be encountered within the project. Based
upon the previously recorded surrounding resources and the historic aerial photographs, there is a
potential for historic resources to be located within the subject property.
Field Reconnaissance
Principal Investigator Brian F. Smith directed the pedestrian survey of the project with
assistance from field archaeologist David Grabski on November 17, 2021. Aerial photographs,
maps, and a compass permitted orientation and location of project boundaries. Where possible,
narrow transect paths were employed to ensure maximum lot coverage. All exposed ground was
inspected for cultural materials. A survey form and photographs documented the survey work
undertaken.
At the time of the survey, the property is entirely developed with concrete driveways,
building pads, and asphalt and gravel parking areas for tractor trailers. According to aerial
photographs, the property has been predominantly utilized as tractor trailer storage since at least
the early 2000s. All structures but three had been demolished at the time of the survey. The
residence at 13989 Santa Ana Avenue was subsequently demolished following the BFSA survey
and the other two structures were built sometime between 1967 and 1994. Since the property has
been recently cleared of structures, visibility of the natural ground surface was excellent.
Generally, the vegetation encountered during the survey consisted of pockets of non-native weeds
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and grasses. No cultural resources, either historic or prehistoric, were discovered during the
survey. Overview of the property are provided in Plates 1 to 4.
Plate 1: Overview of the project, facing east. Note that the residence in the foreground at
13989 Santa Ana Avenue was subsequently demolished following the BFSA survey.
Plate 2: Overview of the project, facing south.
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Plate 3: View of a building pad on the property, facing west.
Plate 4: View of the project from the southeast corner, facing northeast.
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VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
The cultural resources study for the Birtcher Logistics Center Project was completed in
accordance with the City of Fontana environmental policies and CEQA significance evaluation
criteria. The SCCIC records search and additional research identified 15 previously recorded
historic resources within one mile of the project. Although property research indicates a potential
to discover historic resources, the subject property has been cleared of all historic structures and
no resources were identified. The subject property has been historically impacted through the
construction and demolition of structures and development of the property for tractor-trailer
storage. This characterization of the property as disturbed is relevant to the consideration of
cultural resources being present within the project. When parcels are cleared, disked, or otherwise
disturbed, evidence of archaeological deposits can be obscured.
Therefore, although most structures have been removed, whether or not any archaeological
sites or deposits have ever existed within the subject property is unclear and the current status of
the property appears to have affected the potential to discover any surface scatters of artifacts. As
a result, it is recommended that an archaeological monitor be present during future ground
disturbances associated with the project to observe grading and identify any historic or prehistoric
resources that may be exposed by earthwork. Monitoring of grading is recommended as a permit
requirement. The monitoring program will include Native American observers only in the event
that prehistoric deposits are discovered. The archaeological monitoring program should have the
following protocols and procedures:
Cultural Resources Monitoring Program
A monitoring program to mitigate potential impacts to undiscovered buried cultural
resources within the Birtcher Logistics Center Project shall be implemented to the satisfaction of
the lead agency. This program shall include, but not be limited to, the following actions:
1) Prior to issuance of a grading permit, the applicant shall provide written verification
that a certified archaeologist has been retained to implement the monitoring program.
This verification shall be presented in a letter from the project archaeologist to the lead
agency.
2) The project applicant shall provide Native American monitoring during grading. The
Native American monitor shall work in concert with the archaeological monitor to
observe ground disturbances and search for cultural materials.
3) The certified archaeologist shall attend the pre-grading meeting with the contractors to
explain and coordinate the requirements of the monitoring program.
4) During the original cutting of previously undisturbed deposits, the archaeological
monitor(s) and tribal representative shall be on-site, as determined by the consulting
archaeologist, to perform periodic inspections of the excavations. The frequency of
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inspections will depend upon the rate of excavation, the materials excavated, and the
presence and abundance of artifacts and features. The consulting archaeologist shall
have the authority to modify the monitoring program if the potential for cultural
resources appears to be less than anticipated.
5) Isolates and clearly non-significant deposits will be minimally documented in the field
so the monitored grading can proceed.
6) In the event that previously unidentified cultural resources are discovered, the
archaeologist shall have the authority to divert or temporarily halt ground disturbance
operation in the area of discovery to allow for the evaluation of potentially significant
cultural resources. The archaeologist shall contact the lead agency at the time of
discovery. The archaeologist, in consultation with the lead agency, shall determine the
significance of the discovered resources. The lead agency must concur with the
evaluation before construction activities will be allowed to resume in the affected area.
For significant cultural resources, a Research Design and Data Recovery Program to
mitigate impacts shall be prepared by the consulting archaeologist and approved by the
lead agency before being carried out using professional archaeological methods. If any
human bones are discovered, the county coroner and lead agency shall be contacted.
In the event that the remains are determined to be of Native American origin, the Most
Likely Descendant (MLD), as identified by the NAHC, shall be contacted in order to
determine proper treatment and disposition of the remains.
7) Before construction activities are allowed to resume in the affected area, the artifacts
shall be recovered and features recorded using professional archaeological methods.
The project archaeologist shall determine the amount of material to be recovered for an
adequate artifact sample for analysis.
8) All cultural material collected during the grading monitoring program shall be
processed and curated according to the current professional repository standards. The
collections and associated records shall be transferred, including title, to an appropriate
curation facility, to be accompanied by payment of the fees necessary for permanent
curation.
9) A report documenting the field and analysis results and interpreting the artifact and
research data within the research context shall be completed and submitted to the
satisfaction of the lead agency prior to the issuance of any building permits. The report
will include DPR Primary and Archaeological Site Forms.
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VII. CERTIFICATION
I hereby certify that the statements furnished above and in the attached exhibits present the
data and information required for this archaeological report, and that the facts, statements, and
information presented are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief and have been
compiled in accordance with CEQA criteria as defined in Section 15064.5.
November 22, 2021
Brian F. Smith Date
Principal Investigator
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cascade.org/ark:/80444/xv14450/pdf, accessed February 26, 2019.
Van Devender, T.R. and W.G. Spaulding
1979 Development of Vegetation and Climate in the Southwestern United States. Science
204:701–710.
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29
Warren, Claude N. and M.G. Pavesic
1963 Shell Midden Analysis of Site SDI-603 and Ecological Implications for Cultural
Development of Batequitos Lagoon, San Diego County, Los Angeles. University of
California, Los Angeles, Archaeological Survey Annual Report, 1960-1961:246–338.
Wirths, Todd A.
2021 Paleontological Assessment for the Birtcher Logistics Center Project, City of Fontana,
San Bernardino County, California. Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Report in
progress.
World Forestry Center
2017 Andrew Jackson Pope (1820-1978). Electronic document, https://www.worldforestry
.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/POPE-ANDREW-JACKSON.pdf, accessed
February 26, 2019.
A Cultural Resources Study for the Birtcher Logistics Center Project
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APPENDIX A
Resumes of Key Personnel
Brian F. Smith, MA
Owner, Principal Investigator
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc.
14010 Poway Road Suite A
Phone: (858) 679-8218 Fax: (858) 679-9896 E-Mail: bsmith@bfsa-ca.com
Education
Master of Arts, History, University of San Diego, California 1982
Bachelor of Arts, History, and Anthropology, University of San Diego, California 1975
Professional Memberships
Society for California Archaeology
Experience
Principal Investigator 1977–Present
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. Poway, California
Brian F. Smith is the owner and principal historical and archaeological consultant for Brian F. Smith and
Associates. Over the past 32 years, he has conducted over 2,500 cultural resource studies in California,
Arizona, Nevada, Montana, and Texas. These studies include every possible aspect of archaeology
from literature searches and large-scale surveys to intensive data recovery excavations. Reports
prepared by Mr. Smith have been submitted to all facets of local, state, and federal review agencies,
including the US Army Corps of Engineers, the Bureau of Land Management, the Bureau of
Reclamation, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Homeland Security. In addition, Mr.
Smith has conducted studies for utility companies (Sempra Energy) and state highway departments
(CalTrans).
Professional Accomplishments
These selected major professional accomplishments represent research efforts that have added
significantly to the body of knowledge concerning the prehistoric life ways of cultures once present in
the Southern California area and historic settlement since the late 18th century. Mr. Smith has been
principal investigator on the following select projects, except where noted.
Downtown San Diego Mitigation and Monitoring Reporting Programs: Large numbers of downtown San
Diego mitigation and monitoring projects, some of which included Broadway Block (2019), 915 Grape
Street (2019), 1919 Pacific Highway (2018), Moxy Hotel (2018), Makers Quarter Block D (2017), Ballpark
Village (2017), 460 16th Street (2017), Kettner and Ash (2017), Bayside Fire Station (2017), Pinnacle on the
Park (2017), IDEA1 (2016), Blue Sky San Diego (2016), Pacific Gate (2016), Pendry Hotel (2015), Cisterra
Sempra Office Tower (2014), 15th and Island (2014), Park and G (2014), Comm 22 (2014), 7th and F Street
Parking (2013), Ariel Suites (2013), 13th and Marker (2012), Strata (2008), Hotel Indigo (2008), Lofts at 707
10th Avenue Project (2007), Breeza (2007), Bayside at the Embarcadero (2007), Aria (2007), Icon (2007),
Vantage Pointe (2007), Aperture (2007), Sapphire Tower (2007), Lofts at 655 Sixth Avenue (2007),
Metrowork (2007), The Legend (2006), The Mark (2006), Smart Corner (2006), Lofts at 677 7th Avenue
(2005), Aloft on Cortez Hill (2005), Front and Beech Apartments (2003), Bella Via Condominiums (2003),
Acqua Vista Residential Tower (2003), Northblock Lofts (2003), Westin Park Place Hotel (2001), Parkloft
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 2
Apartment Complex (2001), Renaissance Park (2001), and Laurel Bay Apartments (2001).
1900 and 1912 Spindrift Drive: An extensive data recovery and mitigation monitoring program at the
Spindrift Site, an important prehistoric archaeological habitation site stretching across the La Jolla
area. The project resulted in the discovery of over 20,000 artifacts and nearly 100,000 grams of bulk
faunal remains and marine shell, indicating a substantial occupation area (2013-2014).
San Diego Airport Development Project: An extensive historic assessment of multiple buildings at the
San Diego International Airport and included the preparation of Historic American Buildings Survey
documentation to preserve significant elements of the airport prior to demolition (2017-2018).
Citracado Parkway Extension: A still-ongoing project in the city of Escondido to mitigate impacts to an
important archaeological occupation site. Various archaeological studies have been conducted by
BFSA resulting in the identification of a significant cultural deposit within the project area.
Westin Hotel and Timeshare (Grand Pacific Resorts): Data recovery and mitigation monitoring program
in the city of Carlsbad consisted of the excavation of 176 one-square-meter archaeological data
recovery units which produced thousands of prehistoric artifacts and ecofacts, and resulted in the
preservation of a significant prehistoric habitation site. The artifacts recovered from the site presented
important new data about the prehistory of the region and Native American occupation in the area
(2017).
The Everly Subdivision Project: Data recovery and mitigation monitoring program in the city of El Cajon
resulted in the identification of a significant prehistoric occupation site from both the Late Prehistoric
and Archaic Periods, as well as producing historic artifacts that correspond to the use of the property
since 1886. The project produced an unprecedented quantity of artifacts in comparison to the area
encompassed by the site, but lacked characteristics that typically reflect intense occupation, indicating
that the site was used intensively for food processing (2014-2015).
Ballpark Village: A mitigation and monitoring program within three city blocks in the East Village area of
San Diego resulting in the discovery of a significant historic deposit. Nearly 5,000 historic artifacts and
over 500,000 grams of bulk historic building fragments, food waste, and other materials representing an
occupation period between 1880 and 1917 were recovered (2015-2017).
Archaeology at the Padres Ballpark: Involved the analysis of historic resources within a seven-block area
of the “East Village” area of San Diego, where occupation spanned a period from the 1870s to the
1940s. Over a period of two years, BFSA recovered over 200,000 artifacts and hundreds of pounds of
metal, construction debris, unidentified broken glass, and wood. Collectively, the Ballpark Project and
the other downtown mitigation and monitoring projects represent the largest historical archaeological
program anywhere in the country in the past decade (2000-2007).
4S Ranch Archaeological and Historical Cultural Resources Study: Data recovery program consisted of
the excavation of over 2,000 square meters of archaeological deposits that produced over one million
artifacts, containing primarily prehistoric materials. The archaeological program at 4S Ranch is the
largest archaeological study ever undertaken in the San Diego County area and has produced data
that has exceeded expectations regarding the resolution of long-standing research questions and
regional prehistoric settlement patterns.
Charles H. Brown Site: Attracted international attention to the discovery of evidence of the antiquity of
man in North America. Site located in Mission Valley, in the city of San Diego.
Del Mar Man Site: Study of the now famous Early Man Site in Del Mar, California, for the San Diego
Science Foundation and the San Diego Museum of Man, under the direction of Dr. Spencer Rogers and
Dr. James R. Moriarty.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 3
Old Town State Park Projects: Consulting Historical Archaeologist. Projects completed in the Old Town
State Park involved development of individual lots for commercial enterprises. The projects completed
in Old Town include Archaeological and Historical Site Assessment for the Great Wall Cafe (1992),
Archaeological Study for the Old Town Commercial Project (1991), and Cultural Resources Site Survey at
the Old San Diego Inn (1988).
Site W-20, Del Mar, California: A two-year-long investigation of a major prehistoric site in the Del Mar
area of the city of San Diego. This research effort documented the earliest practice of
religious/ceremonial activities in San Diego County (circa 6,000 years ago), facilitated the projection of
major non-material aspects of the La Jolla Complex, and revealed the pattern of civilization at this site
over a continuous period of 5,000 years. The report for the investigation included over 600 pages, with
nearly 500,000 words of text, illustrations, maps, and photographs documenting this major study.
City of San Diego Reclaimed Water Distribution System: A cultural resource study of nearly 400 miles of
pipeline in the city and county of San Diego.
Master Environmental Assessment Project, City of Poway: Conducted for the City of Poway to produce
a complete inventory of all recorded historic and prehistoric properties within the city. The information
was used in conjunction with the City’s General Plan Update to produce a map matrix of the city
showing areas of high, moderate, and low potential for the presence of cultural resources. The effort
also included the development of the City’s Cultural Resource Guidelines, which were adopted as City
policy.
Draft of the City of Carlsbad Historical and Archaeological Guidelines: Contracted by the City of
Carlsbad to produce the draft of the City’s historical and archaeological guidelines for use by the
Planning Department of the City.
The Mid-Bayfront Project for the City of Chula Vista: Involved a large expanse of undeveloped
agricultural land situated between the railroad and San Diego Bay in the northwestern portion of the
city. The study included the analysis of some potentially historic features and numerous prehistoric
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Audie Murphy
Ranch, Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of 1,113.4 acres
and 43 sites, both prehistoric and historic—included project coordination; direction of field crews;
evaluation of sites for significance based on County of Riverside and CEQA guidelines; assessment of
cupule, pictograph, and rock shelter sites, co-authoring of cultural resources project report.
February- September 2002.
Cultural Resources Evaluation of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Otay Ranch Village 13
Project, San Diego County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of 1,947 acres
and 76 sites, both prehistoric and historic—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of
field crews; assessment of sites for significance based on County of San Diego and CEQA guidelines; co-
authoring of cultural resources project report. May-November 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey for the Remote Video Surveillance Project, El Centro Sector, Imperial County:
Project manager/director for a survey of 29 individual sites near the U.S./Mexico Border for proposed
video surveillance camera locations associated with the San Diego Border barrier Project—project
coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; site identification and recordation; assessment of
potential impacts to cultural resources; meeting and coordinating with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
U.S. Border Patrol, and other government agencies involved; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report. January, February, and July 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Menifee West GPA,
Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of nine sites, both prehistoric
and historic—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; assessment of sites
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 4
for significance based on County of Riverside and CEQA guidelines; historic research; co-authoring of
cultural resources project report. January-March 2002.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed French Valley Specific Plan/EIR, Riverside
County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of two prehistoric and three historic
sites—included project coordination and budgeting; survey of project area; Native American
consultation; direction of field crews; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines;
cultural resources project report in prep. July-August 2000.
Cultural Resources Survey and Test of Sites Within the Proposed Development of the Menifee Ranch,
Riverside County, California: Project manager/director of the investigation of one prehistoric and five
historic sites—included project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; feature
recordation; historic structure assessments; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA
guidelines; historic research; co-authoring of cultural resources project report. February-June 2000.
Salvage Mitigation of a Portion of the San Diego Presidio Identified During Water Pipe Construction for
the City of San Diego, California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews;
development and completion of data recovery program; management of artifact collections
cataloging and curation; data synthesis and authoring of cultural resources project report in prep. April
2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Tyrian 3 Project, La Jolla, California: Project
manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project coordination;
assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural resources project
report. April 2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Lamont 5 Project, Pacific Beach, California:
Project manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project
coordination; assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural
resources project report. April 2000.
Enhanced Cultural Resource Survey and Evaluation for the Reiss Residence Project, La Jolla, California:
Project manager/director of the investigation of a single-dwelling parcel—included project
coordination; assessment of parcel for potentially buried cultural deposits; authoring of cultural
resources project report. March-April 2000.
Salvage Mitigation of a Portion of Site SDM-W-95 (CA-SDI-211) for the Poinsettia Shores Santalina
Development Project and Caltrans, Carlsbad, California: Project archaeologist/ director—included
direction of field crews; development and completion of data recovery program; management of
artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis and authoring of cultural resources project
report in prep. December 1999-January 2000.
Survey and Testing of Two Prehistoric Cultural Resources for the Airway Truck Parking Project, Otay Mesa,
California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of testing recovery program; assessment of site for significance based on CEQA guidelines;
authoring of cultural resources project report, in prep. December 1999-January 2000.
Cultural Resources Phase I and II Investigations for the Tin Can Hill Segment of the Immigration and
Naturalization Services Triple Fence Project Along the International Border, San Diego County, California:
Project manager/director for a survey and testing of a prehistoric quarry site along the border—NRHP
eligibility assessment; project coordination and budgeting; direction of field crews; feature recordation;
meeting and coordinating with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report. December 1999-January 2000.
Brian F. Smith and Associates, Inc. 5
Mitigation of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Westview High School Project for the City of San
Diego, California: Project archaeologist/ director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of data recovery program including collection of material for specialized faunal and
botanical analyses; assessment of sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines; management of
artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis; co-authoring of cultural resources project
report, in prep. October 1999-January 2000.
Mitigation of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Otay Ranch SPA-One West Project for the City of
Chula Vista, California: Project archaeologist/director—included direction of field crews; development
of data recovery program; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; assessment of
site for significance based on CEQA guidelines; data synthesis; authoring of cultural resources project
report, in prep. September 1999-January 2000.
Monitoring of Grading for the Herschel Place Project, La Jolla, California: Project archaeologist/ monitor—
included monitoring of grading activities associated with the development of a single- dwelling parcel.
September 1999.
Survey and Testing of a Historic Resource for the Osterkamp Development Project, Valley Center,
California: Project archaeologist/ director—included direction of field crews; development and
completion of data recovery program; budget development; assessment of site for significance based
on CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis;
authoring of cultural resources project report. July-August 1999.
Survey and Testing of a Prehistoric Cultural Resource for the Proposed College Boulevard Alignment
Project, Carlsbad, California: Project manager/director —included direction of field crews;
development and completion of testing recovery program; assessment of site for significance based on
CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and curation; data synthesis;
authoring of cultural resources project report, in prep. July-August 1999.
Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources for the Palomar Christian Conference Center Project,
Palomar Mountain, California: Project archaeologist—included direction of field crews; assessment of
sites for significance based on CEQA guidelines; management of artifact collections cataloging and
curation; data synthesis; authoring of cultural resources project report. July-August 1999.
Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources at the Village 2 High School Site, Otay Ranch, City of Chula
Vista, California: Project manager/director —management of artifact collections cataloging and
curation; assessment of site for significance based on CEQA guidelines; data synthesis; authoring of
cultural resources project report. July 1999.
Cultural Resources Phase I, II, and III Investigations for the Immigration and Naturalization Services Triple
Fence Project Along the International Border, San Diego County, California: Project
manager/director for the survey, testing, and mitigation of sites along border—supervision of multiple
field crews, NRHP eligibility assessments, Native American consultation, contribution to Environmental
Assessment document, lithic and marine shell analysis, authoring of cultural resources project report.
August 1997- January 2000.
Phase I, II, and II Investigations for the Scripps Poway Parkway East Project, Poway California: Project
archaeologist/project director—included recordation and assessment of multicomponent prehistoric
and historic sites; direction of Phase II and III investigations; direction of laboratory analyses including
prehistoric and historic collections; curation of collections; data synthesis; coauthorship of final cultural
resources report. February 1994; March-September 1994; September-December 1995.
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APPENDIX B
Archaeological Records Search Results
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)
A Cultural Resources Study for the Birtcher Logistics Center Project
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APPENDIX C
NAHC Sacred Lands File Search Results
(Deleted for Public Review; Bound Separately)